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Objective Jaw cysts are frequent radiolucent lesions in dentistry that can present diagnostic difficulties due to their similar radiographic appearance. This study aimed to develop an AI-based detection and classification system for jaw cysts using the YOLO v11 deep learning model on panoramic radiographs. Materials and methods A total of 311 panoramic images (211 cystic, 100 normal) were labeled and augmented. The YOLO v11 Small model was trained in both multi-class (distinguishing between dentigerous cysts [DCs], odontogenic keratocysts [OKCs], and radicular cysts [RCs]) and single-class configurations (detecting cysts without type differentiation). Performance metrics included precision, recall, F1 score, and mean average precision (mAP). Results In the multi-class model, the system achieved an mAP of 86%, with precision of 84%, recall of 82%, and F1 score of 83%. Class-wise mean accuracies were 91% for DCs, 85% for OKCs, and 82% for RCs. The single-class model showed slightly lower performance with an mAP of 84% and F1 score of 81%. Conclusion YOLO v11 demonstrated high accuracy in detecting jaw cysts, indicating its potential to support dental diagnostics. Further validation on larger and balanced datasets is recommended to enhance generalizability.

Background This retrospective cohort study primarily assessed three-dimensional changes in mandibular jaw cysts over time following decompression surgery. Secondary aims included evaluating factors potentially affecting the monthly reduction rates and assessing intra- and interexaminer reliability in the measurements. Methods Patients who underwent decompression therapy for mandibular cysts and histopathological diagnosis were included. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans obtained before decompression surgery (baseline CBCT) and prior to enucleation surgery (follow-up CBCT) were analyzed using a specialized 3D software to measure cyst dimensions based on preview and final lesion outlines by two examiners. Patient demographics, cyst types, localization, and cortical bone perforation were recorded and evaluated for their influence on dimensional change rates. Results Forty patients (15 females and 25 males) with a median age of 47 years (range: 11 to 76 years) and treated with decompression of radicular ( n  = 10), dentigerous ( n  = 14), botryoid ( n  = 1), or odontogenic keratocysts ( n  = 15) were analyzed. The lesions were predominantly located in the posterior mandible ( n  = 32) and exhibited single ( n  = 14), multiple ( n  = 17), or no cortical bone perforations ( n  = 9). Mean lesion volumes decreased from baseline (3764 mm³) to follow-up (1413 mm³, p  < 0.0001), corresponding to an average monthly volumetric reduction rate of -5.2%, without significant differences between the cyst types. Female and younger patients showed higher reduction rates ( p  ≤ 0.04), whilst localization and cortical bone perforation did not significantly influence the dimensional changes. Both inter- and intraexaminer reliability of measurements were high (intraclass correlation coefficients > 95%). Conclusions Decompression surgery is an effective first-stage treatment to reduce the dimensions of large mandibular odontogenic cysts. Within a range of limited clinical relevance, patient-related factors such as sex and age may influence dimensional changes, whereas lesion-specific characteristics did not. Cyst measurements on CBCT were consistent across observers, indicating good reproducibility.

Objectives To assess changes and factors influencing in buccolingual width and cyst cavity depth at the stoma site during marsupialization with cyst plug decompression for jaw cystic lesions. Materials and methods Data were collected from patients who underwent marsupialization and cyst plug decompression for mandibular cystic lesions. A total of 15 cases were analyzed, including 10 odontogenic keratocysts (OKC), 1 unicystic ameloblastoma (UA), and 4 dentigerous cysts (DC). Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans were conducted pre-surgery (T 0 ), three months post-surgery (T 1 ) and at the end of marsupialization (T 2 , > 2 months post-T 1 ). Three-dimensional models were created to analyze bone dimensional changes in buccolingual width, vertical depth, and cyst volume. Results The Friedman two-way rank analysis and subsequent pairwise comparisons demonstrated the cyst volume significantly decreased from T 0 to T 1 , T 1 to T 2 , respectively ( p  < 0.05). The buccolingual width remained basically unchanged from T 0 to T 1 ( p  = 0.423), but gradually decreasing from T 1 to T 2 ( p  < 0.001). Meanwhile, the cyst cavity depth consistently decreased throughout the study ( p  < 0.05). The Spearman rank correlation coefficient test indicated the final change in buccolingual width positively correlated with the initial width of the stoma site ( p  < 0.001). Conclusions Buccolingual width remains stable before decreasing, whereas cyst cavity depth and cyst volume decreases continuously. The larger the initial width of the stoma site, the greater change in width at the end of marsupialization. Clinical relevance During marsupialization, cyst plug modifications should align with bone remodeling patterns in jaw cystic lesions. Initially, only the plug’s depth is adjusted, while in later stages, both stoma width and depth are gradually reduced. This understanding can contribute to the digital prefabricated series of cyst plugs by integrating clinical insights to develop more minimally invasive treatment strategies and to appropriately lengthen the decompression period during marsupialization.

Background The cervical cysts is one of the most common children ailments an ENT surgeon encountered, which often begins with painless masses in the neck. The present study summarizes main clinical features of various types of children cervical cysts and discusses the possible approaches and associated complications, with an aim to improve the diagnosis and treatment of this pediatric disease. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of patients admitted with cervical cyst to Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2018 to December 2023. Analysis focused on the clinical presentation, medical imaging, surgical approach, treatment-related complications as well as disease recurrence. Results The main self-reported symptom at first admission was painless masses at neck and submandibular space accompanied by sleep apnea, laryngeal stridor, odynophagia or hoarse voice. Three hundred and eighty-four patients received cervical ultrasound examination, whereas 92 patients were subjected to cervical MRI. The median of cysts size recorded by medical imaging was 1.7 cm*1.0 cm*1.6 cm. The median operation duration was 55 min. Histology of removed cysts indicated five main pathological categories including thyroglossal duct cyst (TGDC), branchial cleft cyst (BCC), dermoid cyst (DC), lymphatic malformation (LM) and bronchogenic cyst (BC). The most frequent postsurgical complication was dysphagia and inflammatory wound swelling. Seven patients inflicted with relapses before further treatment. Conclusions Comprehensive evaluation including medical history, physical examination, ultrasound and MRI imaging of cervical spaces is required to assure the proper diagnosis of cervical cysts in children. Surgical removal remains the major modality for disease control. Majority of postsurgical complications are attributed to transitional injury of blood vessels or nerves. Recurrence of cysts is commonly associated with patients with TGDC and LM.

Aim The aim of the study was to evaluate the trabeculation increase of treated mandibular cysts. Material and method The study included 26 female and 33 male patients (age mean: 38,4 years) with cysts larger than 3 cm in the posterior region of the mandible who were admitted to the same center. Two groups in treatment technique: marsupialization ( n  = 29) and enucleation ( n  = 30). Four groups in cyst types: dentigerous cyst ( n  = 21), keratocyst ( n  = 19), radicular cyst ( n  = 15) and residual cyst ( n  = 4). Cyst size was divided into two categories: smaller than 5.5 cm ( n  = 31) and larger than 5.5 cm ( n  = 28). Panoramic radiographs (PR) of the patients were analyzed at the beginning, 6. month and 12. month. Result At the end of the treatment, there was no statistically significant difference in terms of Fractal Analysis (FA) between patients treated with marsupialization and enucleation, but considering that the cysts in the marsupialization group were larger in size, a faster increase in FA was observed in the marsupialization group. When the cysts were grouped according to their size, it was observed that healing tissues in cysts smaller than 5.5 cm reached normal FA values faster, while healing in the middle of cysts larger than 5.5 cm took more time. Conclusions FA is a reproducible and reliable method. In large cysts, marsupialization results in a faster recovery, but FA values at the end of treatment are similar to the enucleation group. Cysts larger than 5.5 cm show a more rapid increase in Fractal Dimension (FD). The centre of the cysts is the area that heals the latest. Studies with larger sample sizes are needed to evaluate the difference in healing between cyst types. Clinical trial number Clinical trial number: Not applicable

Accurate diagnosis of odontogenic lesions requires pre-operative cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and post-operative histopathological confirmation, a workflow that is time-consuming and reliant on clinical expertise. With the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning, automated diagnostic solutions have shown great promise. However, progress in deep learning for odontogenic lesions has been hindered by the lack of publicly available paired datasets that combine radiological and histopathological data. To address this gap, we present the Dental Odontogenic Lesion CBCT and Histopathology Integrated Dataset (DOLCHID), comprising 262 paired CBCT scans and H&E-stained histopathology images. The dataset includes four major lesion subtypes - dentigerous cyst ( n = 44), radicular cyst ( n = 54), odontogenic keratocyst ( n = 92), and ameloblastoma ( n = 72), each paired with expert-verified CBCT segmentation masks and annotated histopathological regions of interest (ROI). We also provide technical validations for lesion segmentation, single modality classification, and multimodal classification, which demonstrate the utility of our dataset. DOLCHID is expected to advance deep learning research in dental imaging by enabling integrative diagnostic modelling that leverages complementary radiological and histopathological information.

Accurate classification of focal liver lesions is an important part of liver disease diagnostics. In clinical practice, the lesion type is often determined from the abdominal MR examination, which includes T2-weighted and dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MR images. To date, only T2-weighted images are exploited for automatic classification of focal liver lesions. In this study additional MR sequences and risk factors are used for automatic classification to improve the results and to make a step forward to a clinically useful aid for radiologists. Clinical MRI data sets of 95 patients with in total 125 benign lesions (40 adenomas, 29 cysts and 56 hemangiomas) and 88 malignant lesions (30 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) and 58 metastases) were included in this study. Contrast curve, gray level histogram, and gray level co-occurrence matrix texture features were extracted from the DCE-MR and T2-weighted images. In addition, risk factors including the presence of steatosis, cirrhosis, and a known primary tumor were used as features. Fifty features with the highest ANOVA F-score were selected and fed to an extremely randomized trees classifier. The classifier evaluation was performed using the leave-one-out principle and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The overall accuracy for the classification of the five major focal liver lesion types is 0.77. The sensitivity/specificity is 0.80/0.78, 0.93/0.93, 0.84/0.82, 0.73/0.56, and 0.62/0.77 for adenoma, cyst, hemangioma, HCC, and metastasis, respectively. The proposed classification system using features derived from clinical DCE-MR and T2-weighted images, with additional risk factors is able to differentiate five common types of lesions and is a step forward to a clinically useful aid for focal liver lesion diagnosis.

To present 58 cystic space-occupying formations of the spinal canal in 53 cases; these formations are called \"juxtafacet cysts\". Fifty-Three patients (33 women and 20 men, with an average age of 60.8 years) were evaluated retrospectively by neurosurgery. All of the patients had received simple X-P, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) before surgery. The neurological findings were evaluated on admission and in a follow-up review. Surgical intervention was performed on all patients and they underwent gross-total cyst removal. During surgery, the origin of a cyst was well observed. Follow-up data ranged from 6 to 46 months. Patient outcome was graded on a scale of excellent, good, or poor. Histological findings were evaluated. In 53 patients 58 cysts were identified. Four of the patients had multiple cysts. All cysts were associated with mobile spine. Fifty-five cysts were found in the lumbo-sacral region, two cysts were found in the cervico-thoracic region and one cyst in the thoracic region. Forty-two patients presented back pain and 52 patients presented radicular pain. Four patients had a cauda equina syndrome. Sensory disturbance was observed in 24 cases and motor weakness was observed in 21 cases. Claudication was observed in 19 cases. All cases with cervico-thoracic or thoracic cysts presented myelopathy. The duration of these clinical symptoms ranged from 10 days to 10 years. After surgery there was no case of a recurrent cyst during the follow-up period. Thirty-four cases had an excellent outcome, 18 a good outcome, and one a poor outcome. Out of 58 cysts 32 were joint cysts (11 synovial cysts, 21 ganglion cysts). A further 19 were flavum cysts, one was a posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) cyst and six others were unknown pseudo cysts. In 34 of the cysts we found hemosiderin deposits and in eight amyloid deposits. Present investigation and findings in literature show a clear comparison of these cystic formations and the mobile part of the spine. An anatomical relation to a vertebral joint (\"facet\") is only found in some of the cases (32 of 58). Further to that, the name \"cyst\" is not correct either, because most of the cystic formations are presented without a cell lining on their internal wall and therefore they are pseudo-cystic. We think that these cystic formations should be called \"cystic formations of mobile spine\" (CYFMOS) rather than \"juxtafacet cysts\". A surgical intervention is the best treatment for these cysts if they cause a compression of nerve roots or/and of the spinal cord.

Background Our aim was to determine whether the Apparent Diffusion Coefficient is able to predict the presence of a symptomatic pineal cyst by detecting cerebral edema. Methods We retrospectively analyzed MRIs of 45 patients with pineal cysts before and after resection and 51 patients without pineal cysts, comparing ADC values of thalamus, central, periventricular and subcortical white matter. Furthermore we evaluated cyst size and morphology and analyzed its correlation to ADC values in corresponding patients. Results Differences between patients with symptomatic pineal cyst and control group were not significant ( p  = 0.200 – 0.968). ADC ratios did not change significantly after resection of the cyst ( p  = 0.575 – 0.862). Cyst size showed no significant correlation to ADC ratios ( p  = 0.071 – 0.918). Raw data analyses revealed more significance, especially periventricularly and in central white matter, which resulted in significant interhemispheric differences in ADC ratios in both subgroups ( p  < 0.001 and p  = 0.031). MRI of 1.5T showed consistently higher values than 3T but mostly insignificant. Conclusion Our analysis revealed no evidence that pineal cysts lead to intracerebral edema caused by venous compression. Since variability was higher than the differences seen, ADC sequences do not appear to be an appropriate diagnostic tool for symptomatic pineal cysts.

Background Choroid plexus cysts are benign, typically asymptomatic cystic lesions found almost exclusively in the brain’s lateral ventricles, often noted during second-trimester fetal ultrasounds and usually resolving spontaneously before the 28th week of gestation. Spinal intramedullary choroid plexus cysts remain extremely rare, with only few cases documented in  the literature to date. This case describes a 55-year-old man with thoracic spinal cord compression due to a choroid plexus cyst, highlighting a rare differential diagnosis for adult spinal cord lesions. Case presentation A 55-year-old Middle Eastern Syrian male with no remarkable medical history complained of chronic and persistent dorsal pain, and recently noted weakness in his lower extremities. A comprehensive neurological examination identified radicular pain radiating to the left lower limb along with evident muscular weakness in his right and left lower limbs. A thoracic magnetic resonance imaging identified a cystic lesion in the T5–T6 level, and the patient underwent cyst marsupialization and fenestration. Subsequent histopathological sampling and examination confirmed the diagnosis of choroid plexus cyst (refer to Graphical Abstract). Conclusions Choroid plexus cysts, though exceptionally rare in the spinal cord, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of intramedullary cystic lesions. Magnetic resonance imaging plays a crucial role in identifying these cysts and distinguishing them from other spinal pathologies. In symptomatic patients, surgical decompression may be warranted. Definitive diagnosis relies on histopathological analysis. Graphical Abstract