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In order to enhance the mass production of the house fly, Musca domestica, five aspects of its oviposition biology were analyzed. Oviposition substrate and the manner of its presentation, the composition of the diet of the adults, size of the pupae and numbers of flies in a cage were identified as critical. Females preferred to lay eggs on a substrate which was presented within a shelter and with increased linear edges against which the flies could oviposit. Different types of oviposition substrate resulted in comparable yields of eggs. The presence of an oviposition attractant (ammonia) in the manure was found to have a potentially positive effect on female fecundity. Egg yield increased when two protein sources (yeast and milk) were included in the adult diet. However, flies fed a mixture of sugar and yeast laid over 50% fewer eggs than those fed the same proportion of sugar and milk. The fecundity of flies decreased with increase in the number of flies per cage, but the highest total number of eggs per cage was obtained when the flies were most crowded (14.2 cm3 per fly). The size of the pupae did not significantly affect egg production.

Six agro-industrial wastes were evaluated as a support for ligninolytic enzyme production by the white-rot fungus Lentinus polychrous Lev. under solid-state fermentation. Enzyme production was markedly different according to the substrate used. Rice bran (RB) yielded the highest laccase activity of 1,449 U/L (after 21 days of culture) with specific activity of 4.4 U/g substrate. Rice bran supplemented with rice husk (RH) (2:1 by wt) showed high laccase activity of 1,425 U/L with specific activity of 10.0 U/g substrate (after 17 days of culture). The crude enzyme of the RH-RB culture also contained manganese peroxidase (MnP) and manganese-independent peroxidase (MIP) activities in relative proportions of 1.9:1.4:1 of laccase:MnP:MIP, respectively. Zymogram studies showed the same isoenzyme pattern with these ligninolytic enzymes. The high enzyme production level and low substrate cost of SSF-L. polychrous Lev. suggest that it has potential for industrial applications. Our studies showed that the crude enzyme from this culture exhibited in vitro decolorization of Indigo Carmine. The highest efficiency of dye decolorization was observed under alkaline conditions (pH 9.0) at an initial dye concentration of 10 mg/L. The rather high pH conditions and high efficiency in Indigo Carmine decolorization make the enzyme further interest for the applications in treatment of waste water from the textile industry, which contains synthetic dyes.

Este trabajo evaluó la tasa de crecimiento micelial (Kr) y la producción de basidiomas de dos cepas comerciales del hongo shiitake Lentinula edodes (B05 y M3790) en formulaciones compuestas de residuos lignocelulósicos procedentes de actividades agrícolas y agroindustriales de la región andina de Patagonia Norte y de materiales leñosos de plantas invasoras. Las formulaciones consistieron de un sustrato base, como chips de madera de sauce (ChS), chips de madera de rosa mosqueta (ChRM), pelusa de rosa mosqueta (PRM) o virutas de lenga (VL), mezclado con un suplemento, como salvado de trigo (ST) o bagazo de cebada cervecera (BC). Las dos cepas evaluadas mostraron mayores Kr con ChRM-ST. La producción de basidiomas tuvo lugar lo largo de 1 a 4 oleadas, durante un máximo de 124 días. Las máximas eficiencias biológicas (EB) se obtuvieron con la cepa M3790, destacándose ChS (118,86%) y VL (88,73%), ambos suplementados con ST. La cepa B05 alcanzó las máximas EB con ChS-ST (54,72%) y con ChRM-BC (50,43%). Los resultados obtenidos especialmente con ChRM y ChS, sumado a su abundancia en Patagonia argentina, sugieren que estos materiales pueden ser aprovechados como sustratos para la producción comercial de shiitake, actividad aún no desarrollada a gran escala en la región.

One of the main concerns regarding extensive production of biobutanol has been associated with the high costs of the substrate (preparation of fermentable sugars) and the relatively low tolerance of Clostridia to butanol. In this study a simple, mild approach was tested to obtain fermentable sugars from agricultural waste. Giant hogweed and hay was pre-treated with simple boiling and enzymatically hydrolysed. The results demonstrated that after adaptation of the genus Clostridium bacteria to the new substrate, the growth kinetics and sugar consumption of these bacteria were similar to the ones obtained in traditional culture media. Samazinoties pasaules naftas rezervēm, arvien lielāka uzmanība tiek pievērsta alternatīvās enerģijas ieguves veidiem. Viena no alternatīvām degvielām var būt biobutanols, ko fermentācijas laikā dabiski veido klostrīdiju ģints baktērijas. Līdz šim par vienu no kavējošiem aspektiem biobutanola plašākai lietošanai tika uzskatītas salīdzinoši dārgās ražošanas un substrāta izmaksas. Pētījumā parādīts, kā iespējams iegūt biobutanolu, izmantojot pārtikai nepiemēroto biomasu (siens, latvāņi). Procesa vienkāršošanai un izmaksu samazināšanai tradicionālās ķīmiskās un augstspiediena priekšapstrādes un hidrolīzes tehnoloģijas tika aizvietotas ar vienkāršu substrāta vārīšanu un enzimātisko hidrolīzi. Konstatēts, ka pēc nelielas klostrīdiju adaptēšanas jaunajos vides apstākļos klasiskajā augšanas barotnē un vidē ar pievienotu hidrolizātu būtiski neatšķīrās šūnu augšana un fermentējamo cukuru patēriņš. Tādējādi secināts, ka optimizācijas procesā iespējams samazināt biobutanola iegūšanas izmaksas un vienkāršot tehnoloģiskos procesu.

Water quality was examined in two parallel streams in southeastern Manitoba that enclosed a small hog and poultry operation with associated waste lagoons and manure spread fields. Nitrate-N (NN), molybdenum reactive phosphorus (MRP), dissolved organic matter index (DOMI), chloride, total alkalinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), pH, temperature, and total (TC) and fecal (FC) coliform bacterial counts were measured at weekly intervals during the ice-free season at two upstream and two downstream sites relative to the operation. Significantly higher values downstream compared to upstream were observed for MRP, TSS, TDS, chloride, and to some extent NN, indicating the escape of these materials into the adjacent streams. TC were correlated with the rainfall, water temperature, TDS, and pH at all sites. However, TC were also correlated with TSS, MRP, and DOMI only at the downstream sites, while NN was correlated more strongly downstream than upstream. FC were correlated with water temperature and NN at all sites, as well as with TSS and MRP downstream only. Downstream FC/TC ratios increased with increasing rainfall, indicating proportionately greater escape of FC compared to TC under higher runoff conditions. The results suggested that environmental loading of livestock waste adversely altered natural stream water quality dynamics, underlining the need for improved management practices, including the timing of manure spreading during drier weather conditions to minimise the large-scale escape events.

Rendering plant fat (RPF) was collected and different conditions were used for transesterification. The course of transesterification of RPF was compared with that of lard under the same conditions. Significant differences were found between the both types of fats. Optimum methanol excess for lard transesterification was found to be 30-fold, for RPF 10-fold, optimum sulfuric acid concentration was 1% for lard and 2.5% for RPF. Optimum temperature as well as optimum reaction time were similar in both cases. The fatty acid composition was similar but not identical in both fats. RPF contains a higher amount of free acid which could be the reason for the differences observed.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the production of biogas from slaughterhouse waste materials (poultry crushed bones, pig tendons) using anaerobic digestion under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. Digestion products were blended with cattle and pig slurry. Different ratios of bones and tendons (10, 20, 30 and 40%) were used in small or big reactors. The production of biogas and its chemical composition differed according to the different ratios and conditions used. The highest biogas cumulative production was reached with the sample containing 40% of crushed bones after 26 days.

Hydrothermal processing of lignocellulosic materials (wood or agricultural residues) causes a variety of effects including extractive removal, hemicellulose hydrolysis and alteration of the properties of both cellulose and lignin.This article reviews the chemical composition of raw materials potentially useful for hydrothermal processing as well as the results reported on the kinetics of hemicellulose hydrolysis by hot water treatments. The fundamentals of mathematical modellingof hemicellulose degradation reactions by pseudohomogeneous kinetics and by severity factors are reviewed. Additional information on the effects caused by hydrothermal treatments on lignin and cellulose is also provided. Der hydrothermische Aufschluss von Lignocellulosen (Holz und Agrarruckstande) hat mehrere Nebeneffekte wie Auslosen von Extraktstoffen, Hydrolyse der Hemicellulosen und Veranderung von Eigenschaften der Cellulose und des Lignins. Diese Arbeit gibt eine Ubersicht uber verschiedene Rohstoffe, die fur den hydrothermischen Aufschluss in Frage kommen sowie uber Ergebnisse zur Kinetik der Hydrolyse von Hemicellulosen durch Heisswasserbehandlung. Die Grundlagen der mathematischen Simulation des Polysaccharidabbaus als pseudohomogene Kinetik und mit gewichteten Einflussfaktoren werden dargestellt. Zusatzlich enthalt dieser Beitrag Informationen uber die Auswirkung der hydrothermischen Behandlung auf Lignin und Cellulose.

Four different acid-hydrolyzed wastes, from melon, watermelon, cucumber and tomato were compared for xanthan production. Growth of Xanthomonas campestris, xanthan biosynthesis, kinetics and chemical composition were investigated. Both growth and xanthan production were dependent on the acid hydrolysate concentrations and available nitrogen. Melon acid hydrolyzed waste was the best substrate for xanthan production. Exopolysaccharide obtained throughout this study was compared to commercial xanthan, showing a very similar chemical composition. Acid hydrolyzed wastes are proposed as a new carbon source for xanthan production