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The successful supply of an economy with coal fuel, for a country that carries out its large-scale extraction and import, is a complex production and logistics problem. Violations of the usual supply scheme in conditions of crises in the energy markets, international conflicts, etc., lead to the problem of simultaneous restructuring of the entire supply scheme. This requires changes in the directions and capacities of domestic production and imports. In this article, the above problem is solved by the economic and mathematical model of production type. The developed model includes subsystems of domestic production and import supply. The results of modeling economy supply with thermal coal for different values of demand are given. The model was used to determine the amounts of coal production for Ukraine with the structure of the coal industry of 2021 and under the condition of anthracite consumers’ transformation to the high volatile coal. Simulations have shown that eliminating the use of anthracite requires the modernization of existing coal mines. Under those conditions, the import of high volatile coal will amount to 3.751 million tons in 2030 and 11.8 million tons in 2035. The amounts of coking coal imports will be 5.46 million tons, 5.151 million tons, and 7.377 million tons in 2025, 2030, and 2035, respectively.

A key obstacle to fundamental tariff reform in many developing countries is the revenue loss that it ultimately implies. This paper establishes a simple and practicable strategy for realizing the efficiency gains from tariff reform without reducing public revenues, showing that for a small open economy, a cut in tariffs combined with a point-for-point increase in domestic consumption taxes increases both welfare and public revenues. Increasingly stringent conditions are required, however, to ensure unambiguously beneficial outcomes from this reform strategy when allowance is made for such important features as nontradeable goods, intermediate inputs, and imperfect competition.

Water supply operation of a reservoir group is a critical strategy for mitigating conflicts between water resource supply and demand in a basin. However, the uncertainty of runoff forecast presents significant challenges to this operation. To explore the risk laws of the complex water supply process, this study focuses on analyzing the three primary source streams and the main stream of the Tarim River, the largest inland river in China. Initially, a runoff forecast model is developed utilizing Long Short-Term Memory Artificial Neural Networks (LSTM-ANN) to generate runoff datasets. Subsequently, a theoretically optimal operation process for the reservoir group is derived through a long-series deterministic multi-objective operation, which establishes boundary constraints for water supply risk operation. Finally, the runoff forecast results are integrated into an uncertainty water supply risk operation model to assess the associated water supply risk. The results indicate that: 1) Due to varying guarantee rates and water supply priorities among different sectors, the risk of ecological water supply is the highest, followed by agriculture and then domestic-production. 2) Within an effective forecast range of 0% to 20%, the most significant increase occurs when the error ranges between 5 to 10%. 3) As the reservoir regulation capacity in mountainous areas increases, the average water supply risk value for agriculture decreases from 0.086 to 0.040, representing a 53.1% risk reduction. The research results are of great significance to the reservoir group risk operation and the water supply safety in the basin.

This paper applies Pedroni’s panel cointegration approach to explore the causal relationship between trade openness, carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, and economic growth for the panel of newly industrialized economies (i.e., Brazil, India, China, and South Africa) over the period of 1970–2013. Our panel cointegration estimation results found majority of the variables cointegrated and confirm the long-run association among the variables. The Granger causality test indicates bidirectional causality between carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption. A unidirectional causality is found running from trade openness to carbon dioxide emission and energy consumption and economic growth to carbon dioxide emissions. The results of causality analysis suggest that the trade liberalization in newly industrialized economies induces higher energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. Furthermore, the causality results are checked using an innovative accounting approach which includes forecast-error variance decomposition test and impulse response function. The long-run coefficients are estimated using fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) method, and results conclude that the trade openness and economic growth reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the long run. The results of FMOLS test sound the existence of environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis. It means that trade liberalization induces carbon dioxide emission with increased national output, but it offsets that impact in the long run with reduced level of carbon dioxide emissions.

The New Development Paradigm will result in the significant development of domestic production networks and the accelerated growth of carbon transfers among provinces in China. However, the existing value chain or the trade of intermediate goods decomposition method cannot completely account for the carbon content of intermediate goods. So the paper developed a accounting model for inter-regional intermediate goods trade based on input-output model. The most significant advantage of this accounting model is that by further decomposing final output into three components—final consumption within the region, final consumption flowing to other regions, and final output flowing to other regions as intermediate goods that are not returned to the region—it achieves a more comprehensive decomposition of the value chain in comparison to the established models. This approach allows for the tracking of longer value chains and the accounting for intermediate goods inflows and outflows simultaneously. Furthermore, the accounting of trade in intermediate goods can be conducted for any number of countries, regions, and sectors within the input-output system, thereby providing a foundation for the comprehensive accounting of inter-regional carbon transfers within production networks. With the input-output tables and carbon emission inventories from the CEADs (the China Carbon Emissions Accounting Database), the paper has calculated the changes of the carbon transfer among provinces in the China’s domestic production network from 2012 to 2017 and find that the inter-provincial intermediate goods trade and carbon transfer among provinces is increasing significantly. Each province has a strong incentive to overuse the carbon embodied in the intermediate goods from others, but lacks the motivation to reduce their own carbon emission. In the inter-provincial transfer of the carbon content of intermediate goods in China’s domestic production network, the difference between the average value of the ratio of the carbon content of intermediate goods from other provinces used by each province and that supplied for use by other provinces to the ratio of the carbon content of intermediate goods produced by itself increased by 13.6% between 2012 and 2017. Only a few provinces are evolving towards a win-win between economic and environmental benefits, while most are still facing the evolutionary dilemma in choosing between economic and environmental benefits. In the future, we should comprehensively explore the cooperative governance of carbon emission reduction in the domestic production network, including establishing a national standard for calculating the carbon transfer in domestic production network, improving the carbon emission responsibility sharing mechanism and carbon emission reduction compensation systems.

The Kyrgyz Republic has made major strides in the past decade in its transition to a market-based economy. Its trade and investment policies are arguably the most liberal among the member countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Despite the generally progressive stance on structural policies and a sound record of macroeconomic management in recent years, economic growth has been modest, living standards are low, a large burden of external debt has accumulated, and integration into global production and trade remains limited. The growth agenda must address more carefully the constraints to greater supply-side response to ongoing reforms—an agenda that can facilitate a broad-based growth of economic activity and exports. Risks to sustainability of current growth rates and continued poverty reduction will otherwise remain high as will the economy’s vulnerability to external shocks. This report is aimed at assisting authorities fashioning this agenda by focusing on three key challenges:Identifying strategic options to strengthen prospects for medium- and long-term growth and poverty reduction; Assessing ways of leveraging domestic trade policy reforms and existing regional and multilateral trade agreements for further regional and global integration; and Identifying key areas where greater efforts are necessary to facilitate improvements in enterprise capability and productivity.

This study tests the hypothesis that the real effective exchange rate changes have an asymmetric impact on the domestic output in Sudan from 1960 to 2020. The analysis uses a multivariate framework by controlling for the various channels through which exchange rate changes could affect domestic output. To disentangle the potential asymmetric impact of exchange rate changes on domestic income, we use the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) framework to separate real currency appreciations from depreciation. Results of the NARDL model show long-run asymmetry in the effect of real currency appreciations and depreciations. In particular, real currency appreciations (depreciations) have an expansionary (contractionary) effect on domestic output. There is a considerable difference in the magnitude of the effect of the positive exchange rate shocks compared to the negative shocks, in which the magnitude of the effect of the real currency appreciations on domestic output is almost double that of the real currency deprecations. The results also show that fiscal policy has no statistically significant effect on domestic output, while monetary policy has a statistically significant long-run contractionary effect. Monetary authorities in Sudan can use the real exchange rate as an effective instrument to affect domestic output in the long run.

: Many of the early studies that investigate the impact of exchange rate movements on domestic production report mixed findings in terms of the effect on economic growth. However, the majority of these studies had were limited in that they relied on a prior assumption of linear adjustment of the exchange rate fluctuations toward domestic output. We suspect that a prior assumption of linearity may mask the empirical results. We, therefore, bring nonlinearity into the adjustment process through the partial sum approach to the exchange rate by decomposing the exchange rate into depreciation and appreciation. We investigate both the symmetric and asymmetric effect of exchange rate changes on economic growth of the selected South Asian economies. Our results show significant evidence of the asymmetric effects of exchange rate changes on domestic production both in the short and long run in the case of all the selected economies.

This paper analyzes the consumer and producer implications of origin-of-food labeling when the production process is a credence attribute. Since origin-of-food labeling has been discussed by the U.S. government in the context of “promoting competition”, a model is presented that evaluates consumer welfare and producer welfare as a function of labeling standards. The model finds that if there is consumer misperception and the consumers are unaware that labeling does not imply completely domestic production, then consumers are helped with higher standards; but domestic profits may be higher with a more lax standard. If consumers are aware of the average level of domestic production that is implied by the label, then they are indifferent to the standard, while domestic profits are still maximized with a standard that balances a price premium with the costs of domestic production. The model also analyzes possible differences between upstream and downstream producers.

Acculturation is a multidimensional concept and often means paying attention to different cultures. Since in acculturation, one seeks alternative attributes and values, this can affect the consumption of goods by the consumer. Considering the role of consumption of domestic goods on the economic growth and development of the country, it is important to identify the dimensions and components of consumer acculturation and research in this field. Therefore, this study seeks to identify the dimensions and components of consumer acculturation in the consumption of domestic goods and to develop a scale in this regard. The present study has been done by the mixed method. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative stage included experts in the Iranian clothing industry, which due to theoretical saturation, a sample of 20 people was selected by judgment. In the quantitative stage, the statistical population consisted of clothing consumers in Iran, of which 310 were selected by cluster sampling. After interviewing the experts, the thematic analysis method was used to identify the main components. Then, using quantitative methods such as exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, the identified components were classified in the form of dimensions and were verified. In the end, the scale of consumer acculturation in the consumption of domestic goods, including the main dimensions and components was proposed. The main contribution of this paper is developing and validating a multidimensional scale for consumer acculturation in the clothing sector, which has been overlooked in previous research.