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As pointed out in the Report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the next five years (2022–2027) will be crucial for beginning to build a modern socialist country in all respects. Firstly, the next five years will be a period of historical transition in the central task of the CPC. The central task of the CPC will be to realize the Second Centenary Goal of building China into a great modern socialist country in all respects. At this crucial stage for getting our efforts off to a good start, China should understand and pursue the Five-Sphere Integrated Plan to advance the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation on all fronts through a Chinese path to modernization. Secondly, the next five years will be a period of deep reform in which strategic opportunities, risks and challenges are concurrent. Alongside a new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation well underway, the new principal contradiction facing Chinese society, a historical transition in the central task of the CPC, and a shift in the international balance of power, profound and complex changes are taking place in China’s internal and external environment for development. Uncertainties and unforeseen factors are rising and must be dealt with appropriately. Thirdly, the next five years will be a key period of achieving China’s overall development objectives for 2035. It is a paramount stage of meeting the 14th Five-Year Plan goals, formulating the 15th Five-Year Plan goals, and realizing Chinese modernization by 2035. China should uphold the CPC’s overall leadership, follow the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, apply a people-centered development philosophy, remain committed to deepening reform and opening up, and carry forward our fighting spirit. Fourthly, the next five years will be a crucial period of accelerating the creation of a new pattern of development and pursuing high-quality development. Chinese modernization should be advanced through a series of strategic initiatives, such as building a high-standard socialist market economy, modernizing the industrial system, propelling rural revitalization across the board, promoting coordinated regional development, and boosting high-standard opening up. Fifthly, the next five years will be an impact period of unprecedented downward pressure on the national economy under various factors and risks beating expectations. In order to achieve the 14th Five-Year Plan goals and the overall development objectives by 2035, it is necessary to defuse the threefold pressure composed of increasing demand shrinkage, supply shocks and flagging market expectations, as well as intensifying potential risks. To accomplish the main objectives and tasks for the next five years, it is necessary to observe objective laws, apply the new development philosophy, continue to pursue economic development as central task, adopt system-based thinking, take steady steps to sustain progress, and promote high-quality development in a scientific and effective manner.

Objectives The biomechanical mechanism of brace intervention on bone, muscle, and disc should be comprehensively considered for AIS patients. We aimed to developmentally construct a musculoskeletal finite element model of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis to simulate the coupling of corrective forces and analyze the mechanical properties of bone, muscle, and disc. Investigateing, more effective clinical interventions to break the vicious cycle of patients during growth. Methods A finite element model, including muscle, bone, and disc, was established using computed tomography data of a patient with RigoA3 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. The three‐point force coupling, antigravity, and bending effects of the Chêneau brace were simulated, and the correction force of the secondary lumbar bend was gradually reduced while observing the mechanical characteristics of bone, muscle, and disc. The correction force in line with symmetrical spine growth was comprehensively evaluated. Results The correction rate of the main thoracic (MT) curve, the intervertebral space height on the concave side of the vertebrae at the apex, and the stress ratio of the intervertebral discs were optimal when the maximum corrective pressure threshold was reached. However, the proximal thoracic (PT) curve was aggravated and the axial forces on the concave side were unbalanced. At this time, the biomechanical performance of the model is also not optimal. The correction rate of the Cobb Angle of the MT curve decreased with the decrease of the correction pressure in the lumbar region. When reduced to 25% of the maximum threshold, the convex side of disc stress, intervertebral space, and muscle axial force is more in line with the biomechanical mechanism of correction and can avoid sacrificing the PT curve. Conclusions Downward adjustment of the corrective force to the secondary lumbar curve, using the Chêneau brace, results in better primary thoracic curvature mechanics in the musculoskeletal finite element model, suggesting that breaking the vicious cycle of scoliosis progression to guide benign spinal growth is beneficial. A Rigo A‐classified finite element model of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis was constructed, which included muscles, bones, and intervertebral discs conforming to the tensegrity of the spine. Reducing the corrective force of the compensatory lumbar curve of Rigo‐Chêneau brace results in preferable radiological parameters, muscle axial force, and intervertebral disc height and stress balance, which would be beneficial to break the vicious cycle of deformity during growth.

Large regional disparities in labor market indicators exist in Central Europe and the Baltic region. Such disparities appear to be persistent over time indicating, in part, a lack of flexibility in the prevailing adjustment mechanisms. Internal labor mobility is often seen as an important instrument to reduce adjustment costs when other mechanisms fail. Drawing from a variety of data sources and utilizing a common empirical framework and estimation strategy, this study identifies patterns and statistical profiles of geographical mobility. It finds internal migration to be generalily low and highly concentrated among better-educated, young, and single workers. This suggests that migration is more likely to reinforce existing inequalities than to act as an equalizing phenomenon. By way of contrast, commuting flows have grown over time and are more responsive to regional economic differentials. The findings suggest the need for appropriate and country-tailored policy measures designed to increase the responsiveness of labor flows to market conditions.

Cloud top pressure (CTP) is one of the critical cloud properties that significantly affects the radiative effect of clouds. Multi-angle polarized sensors can employ polarized bands (490 nm) or O 2 A-bands (763 and 765 nm) to retrieve the CTP. However, the CTP retrieved by the two methods shows inconsistent results in certain cases, and large uncertainties in low and thin cloud retrievals, which may lead to challenges in subsequent applications. This study proposes a synergistic algorithm that considers both O 2 A-bands and polarized bands using a random forest (RF) model. LiDAR CTP data are used as the true values and the polarized and non-polarized measurements are concatenated to train the RF model to determine CTP. Additionally, through analysis, we proposed that the polarized signal becomes saturated as the cloud optical thickness (COT) increases, necessitating a particular treatment for cases where COT < 10 to improve the algorithm’s stability. The synergistic method was then applied to the directional polarized camera (DPC) and Polarized and Directionality of the Earth’s Reflectance (POLDER) measurements for evaluation, and the resulting retrieval accuracy of the POLDER-based measurements (RMSE POLDER = 205.176 hPa, RMSE DPC = 171.141 hPa, R 2 POLDER = 0.636, R 2 DPC = 0.663, respectively) were higher than that of the MODIS and POLDER Rayleigh pressure measurements. The synergistic algorithm also showed good performance with the application of DPC data. This algorithm is expected to provide data support for atmosphere-related fields as an atmospheric remote sensing algorithm within the Cloud Application for Remote Sensing, Atmospheric Radiation, and Updating Energy (CARE) platform.

Using an ocean‐atmosphere coupled simulation, we investigate the seasonal variability of the low‐level wind response to submesoscale (O(1–10 km)) sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over the Gulf Stream, focusing on the respective roles of the downwind momentum mixing (DMM) and pressure adjustment (PA) mechanisms. The wind response to submesoscale SST anomalies exhibits a strong seasonal cycle, with larger coupling in summer and pronounced spatial heterogeneity—significant north of the Gulf Stream but weak to the south. We furthermore show that the DMM dominates the coupling. Background atmospheric stability and wind speed control the seasonal modulation by driving the sensitivity of winds to SST perturbations. The spatial heterogeneity arises from the weak SST gradients south of the Gulf Stream. Two distinct regimes are found: (a) unstable conditions and weak winds, favoring a primarily divergent response, and (b) near‐stable conditions with moderate to strong winds, yielding both divergent and rotational response.

A 19-month record of total and single-layered low (<3 km), middle (3–6 km), and high (>6 km) cloud fractions (CFs) and the single-layered marine boundary layer (MBL) cloud macrophysical and microphysical properties was generated from ground-based measurements at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) Azores site between June 2009 and December 2010. This is the most comprehensive dataset of marine cloud fraction and MBL cloud properties. The annual means of total CF and single-layered low, middle, and high CFs derived from ARM radar and lidar observations are 0.702, 0.271, 0.01, and 0.106, respectively. Greater total and single-layered high (>6 km) CFs occurred during the winter, whereas singlelayered low (<3 km) CFs were more prominent during summer. Diurnal cycles for both total and low CFs were stronger during summer than during winter. The CFs are bimodally distributed in the vertical with a lower peak at ∼1km and a higher peak between 8 and 11km during all seasons, except summer when only the low peak occurs. Persistent high pressure and dry conditions produce more single-layered MBL clouds and fewer total clouds during summer, whereas the low pressure and moist air masses during winter generate more total and multilayered clouds, and deep frontal clouds associated with midlatitude cyclones. The seasonal variations of cloud heights and thickness are also associated with the seasonal synoptic patterns. The MBL cloud layer is low, warm, and thin with large liquid water path (LWP) and liquid water content (LWC) during summer, whereas during winter it is higher, colder, and thicker with reduced LWP and LWC. The cloud LWP and LWC values are greater at night than during daytime. The monthly mean daytime cloud droplet effective radiusrₑvalues are nearly constant, while the daytime droplet number concentrationNd basically follows the LWC variation. There is a strong correlation between cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrationN CCNandNd during January–May, probably due to the frequent low pressure systems because upward motion brings more surface CCN to cloud base (well-mixed boundary layer). During summer and autumn, the correlation betweenNd andN CCNis not as strong as that during January–May because downward motion from high pressure systems is predominant. Compared to the compiled aircraft in situ measurements during the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment (ASTEX), the cloud microphysical retrievals in this study agree well with historical aircraft data. Different air mass sources over the ARM Azores site have significant impacts on the cloud microphysical properties and surface CCN as demonstrated by great variability inN CCNand cloud microphysical properties during some months.

Canopy and aerodynamic conductances (gC and gA) are two of the key land surface biophysical variables that control the land surface response of land surface schemes in climate models. Their representation is crucial for predicting transpiration (λET) and evaporation (λEE) flux components of the terrestrial latent heat flux (λE), which has important implications for global climate change and water resource management. By physical integration of radiometric surface temperature (TR) into an integrated framework of the Penman–Monteith and Shuttleworth–Wallace models, we present a novel approach to directly quantify the canopy-scale biophysical controls on λET and λEE over multiple plant functional types (PFTs) in the Amazon Basin. Combining data from six LBA (Large-scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia) eddy covariance tower sites and a TR-driven physically based modeling approach, we identified the canopy-scale feedback-response mechanism between gC, λET, and atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (DA), without using any leaf-scale empirical parameterizations for the modeling. The TR-based model shows minor biophysical control on λET during the wet (rainy) seasons where λET becomes predominantly radiation driven and net radiation (RN) determines 75 to 80 % of the variances of λET. However, biophysical control on λET is dramatically increased during the dry seasons, and particularly the 2005 drought year, explaining 50 to 65 % of the variances of λET, and indicates λET to be substantially soil moisture driven during the rainfall deficit phase. Despite substantial differences in gA between forests and pastures, very similar canopy–atmosphere \"coupling\" was found in these two biomes due to soil moisture-induced decrease in gC in the pasture. This revealed the pragmatic aspect of the TR-driven model behavior that exhibits a high sensitivity of gC to per unit change in wetness as opposed to gA that is marginally sensitive to surface wetness variability. Our results reveal the occurrence of a significant hysteresis between λET and gC during the dry season for the pasture sites, which is attributed to relatively low soil water availability as compared to the rainforests, likely due to differences in rooting depth between the two systems. Evaporation was significantly influenced by gA for all the PFTs and across all wetness conditions. Our analytical framework logically captures the responses of gC and gA to changes in atmospheric radiation, DA, and surface radiometric temperature, and thus appears to be promising for the improvement of existing land–surface–atmosphere exchange parameterizations across a range of spatial scales.

Appearance pressure from mass media and appearance social comparisons have been implicated in theory and research on disordered eating. However, mediating effects of upward and downward appearance comparisons on associations between appearance pressure and changes in disordered eating among women versus men have not been examined within longitudinal research designs. To address this gap, undergraduate students (1539 women and 882 men) from China completed self-report measures of appearance pressure from mass media; upward and downward appearance comparisons with more and less physically attractive peers, respectively; and disordered eating at baseline and/or a 12-month follow-up. Analyses indicated that, after controlling for gender differences on demographics and initial levels of disordered eating, baseline pressure from mass media contributed to the prediction of disordered eating at follow-up within each gender. Among women, in particular, follow-up upward appearance comparisons with peers mediated this association. For men but not for women, downward appearance comparisons with peers emerged as a significant mediator. Findings underscored differential relations of appearance comparisons with exacerbations in disordered eating among women versus men and suggested that associated interventions might be tailored on the basis of gender.

In recent decades, the Barents Sea has warmed more than twice as fast as the rest of the Arctic in winter, but the exact causes behind this amplified warming remain unclear. In this study, we quantify the wintertime Barents Sea warming (BSW, for near-surface air temperature) with an average linear trend of 1.74 °C decade −1 and an interdecadal change around 2003 based on a surface energy budget analysis using the ERA5 reanalysis dataset from 1979–2019. Our analysis suggests that the interdecadal change in the wintertime near-surface air temperature is dominated by enhanced clear-sky downward longwave radiation (CDLW) associated with increased total column water vapor. Furthermore, it is found that a mode of atmospheric variability over the North Atlantic region known as the Barents oscillation (BO) strongly contributed to the BSW with a stepwise jump in 2003. Since 2003, the BO turned into a strengthened and positive phase, characteristic of anomalous high pressure over the North Atlantic and South of the Barents Sea, which promoted two branches of heat and moisture transport from southern Greenland along the Norwegian Sea and from the Eurasian continent to the Barents Sea. This enhanced the water vapor convergence over the Barents Sea, resulting in BSW through enhanced CDLW. Our results highlight the atmospheric circulation related to the BO as an emerging driver of the wintertime BSW through enhanced meridional atmospheric heat and moisture transport over the North Atlantic Ocean.

It is of great importance for climate change studies to construct a worldwide, long-term surface downward longwave radiation (Ld, 4–100 μm) dataset. Although a number of global Ld datasets are available, their low accuracies and coarse spatial resolutions limit their applications. This study generated a daily Ld dataset with a 5-km spatial resolution over the global land surface from 2000 to 2018 using atmospheric parameters, which include 2-m air temperature (Ta), relative humidity (RH) at 1000 hPa, total column water vapor (TCWV), surface downward shortwave radiation (Sd), and elevation, based on the gradient boosting regression tree (GBRT) method. The generated Ld dataset was evaluated using ground measurements collected from AmeriFlux, AsiaFlux, baseline surface radiation network (BSRN), surface radiation budget network (SURFRAD), and FLUXNET networks. The validation results showed that the root mean square error (RMSE), mean bias error (MBE), and correlation coefficient (R) values of the generated daily Ld dataset were 17.78 W m−2, 0.99 W m−2, and 0.96 (p < 0.01). Comparisons with other global land surface radiation products indicated that the generated Ld dataset performed better than the clouds and earth’s radiant energy system synoptic (CERES-SYN) edition 4.1 dataset and ERA5 reanalysis product at the selected sites. In addition, the analysis of the spatiotemporal characteristics for the generated Ld dataset showed an increasing trend of 1.8 W m−2 per decade (p < 0.01) from 2003 to 2018, which was closely related to Ta and water vapor pressure. In general, the generated Ld dataset has a higher spatial resolution and accuracy, which can contribute to perfect the existing radiation products.