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Background: Roselle flowers (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) and butterfly pea flowers (Clitoria ternatea L.) are known for their antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. The combination of these flowers has the potential to be developed into a phytopharmaceutical. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Cy3G's), a key compound in both flowers, is believed to play a significant role in these biological activities. However, the development of a reliable analytical method to detect this compound is essential for ensuring the quality of raw materials. Objective: This study aims to develop and validate a TLC-Densitometry method for determining Cy3G's levels in a combination of roselle and butterfly pea flower extracts, and to correlate the results with their antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. Methods: The research was conducted in three main stages: 1) Extract preparation using the maceration method, 2) Development and validation of a TLC-Densitometry analytical method for Cy3G's identification and quantification, and 3) Antioxidant activity testing using the DPPH method and antidiabetic activity testing based on the inhibition of the alpha-glucosidase enzyme. Results: The developed TLC-Densitometry method, using a mobile phase of n-butanol, acetic acid, and water (4:1:5 v/v/v), was validated and met the required parameters of specificity, linearity, accuracy, and precision. Results showed that butterfly pea flower extract had the highest Cy3G's content, followed by the combination extract and roselle extract. The strongest antioxidant activity was observed in butterfly pea flower extract (IC50 0,0979 mg/mL), categorized as strong, while the combination extract showed moderate antioxidant activity (IC50 0,1101 mg/mL). However, antidiabetic activity in all samples was weak. Conclusion: The developed TLC-Densitometry method can be used for determining Cy3G's levels in a combination of roselle and butterfly pea flower extracts. Butterfly pea flower extract demonstrated the greatest antioxidant potential, while antidiabetic activity was relatively weak across all samples.

The polarity of the solvent in the extraction process has a significant influence due to the different polarity characteristics of each chemical compound. The separation of compounds based on their polarity is expected to reduce adverse interactions and increase their synergy in order to reduce free radical activity. This study aims to evaluate the effect of solvent polarity differences on the antioxidant activity of Salvia hispanica (chia seed) extract using the DPPH method. Various solvents with different polarity levels, such as water, ethyl acetate and N-hexane, were used to extract bioactive compounds from chia seeds. Antioxidant activity was assessed based on the extract’s ability to scavenge DPPH free radicals, expressed as the IC50 value. The results showed that extracts obtained with more polar and semipolar solvents exhibited higher antioxidant activity compared to those extracted with non-polar solvents. Water and ethyl acetate extracts demonstrated the best antioxidant capacity with the lowest IC50 value, indicating that phenolic and flavonoid compounds responsible for antioxidant activity are more effectively extracted in polar solvents. The findings of this study highlight that solvent selection significantly influences the antioxidant potential of chia seed extract, with implications for its application in the pharmaceutical industries.

The chemical diversity of natural antioxidants (AOXs) makes it difficult to separate, detect, and quantify individual antioxidants from a complex food/biological matrix. Moreover, the total antioxidant power is often more meaningful to evaluate health beneficial effects because of the cooperative action of individual antioxidant species. Currently, there is no single antioxidant assay for food labeling because of the lack of standard quantification methods. Antioxidant assays may be broadly classified as the electron transfer (ET)- and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)-based assays. The results obtained are hardly comparable because of the different mechanisms, redox potentials, pH and solvent dependencies, etc. of various assays. This project will aid the identification and quantification of properties and mutual effects of antioxidants, bring a more rational basis to the classification of antioxidant assays with their constraints and challenges, and make the results more comparable and understandable. In this regard, the task group members convey their own experiences in various methods of antioxidants measurement.

The underutilized Amaranthus leafy vegetables are a unique basis of pigments such as β-cyanins, β-xanthins, and betalains with radical scavenging capacity (RSC). They have abundant phytonutrients and antioxidant components, such as pigments, vitamins, phenolics, and flavonoids. Eight selected genotypes (four genotypes from each species) of underutilized Amaranthus leafy vegetables were evaluated for phytonutrients, pigments, vitamins, phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidants in a randomized complete block design under ambient field conditions with three replicates. The studied traits showed a wide range of variations across eight genotypes of two species of Amaranthus leafy vegetables. The highest fat, β-xanthins, K, dietary fiber, Mg, β-cyanins, Mn, chlorophyll ab, Zn, TP, TF, betalains, chlorophyll a content, and (RSC) (DPPH) and RSC (ABTS+) were obtained from A. tricolor accessions. Conversely, the highest protein, Cu, carbohydrates, Ca, and chlorophyll b content were obtained from A. lividus accessions. The highest dry matter, carotenoids, Fe, energy, and ash were obtained from A. tricolor and A. lividus. The accession AT2 confirmed the highest vit. C and RSC (DPPH) and RSC (ABTS+); AT5 had the highest TP content; and AT12 had the highest TF content. A. tricolor accessions had high phytochemicals across the two species, such as phytopigments, vitamins, phenolics, antioxidants, and flavonoids, with considerable nutrients and protein. Hence, A. tricolor accessions can be used as high-yielding cultivars comprising ample antioxidants. The correlation study revealed that vitamin C, pigments, flavonoids, β-carotene, and phenolics demonstrated a strong RSC, and showed a substantial contribution to the antioxidant potential (AP) of A. tricolor. The investigation exposed that the accessions displayed a plentiful origin of nutritional values, phytochemicals, and AP with good quenching ability of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that provide enormous prospects for nourishing the mineral-, antioxidant-, and vitamin-threatened community.

Today, there is an increasing interest in antioxidants, especially to prevent the known harmful effects of free radicals in human metabolism and their deterioration during processing and storage of fatty foods. In both cases, natural-source antioxidants are preferred over synthetic antioxidants. So, there has been a parallel increase in the use of assays to estimate antioxidant efficacy in human metabolism and food systems. Today, there are many bioanalytical methods that measure the antioxidant effect. Of these, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) removing assay is the most putative, popular, and commonly used method to determine antioxidant ability. In this review, a general approach to the DPPH radical scavenging assay has been taken. In this context, many studies, including attempts to adapt the DPPH radical scavenging method to different analytes, search for the highest antioxidant activity values, and optimize the method of measurement, have previously been performed. Therefore, it is highly important to introduce measures aimed at standardizing the conditions of the DPPH radical scavenging activity, including the various reaction media suitable for this assay. For this aim, the chemical and basic principles of DPPH free radical scavenging are defined and discussed in an outline. In addition, this study describes and defines the basic sections of DPPH free radical scavenging in food and biological systems. Additionally, some chemical, critical, and technical details of the DPPH free radical removal method are given. This is a simple assay in which the prospective compounds or herbal extracts are mixed with the DPPH solution and their absorbance is measured after a certain period. However, despite rapid advances in instrumental techniques and analysis, this method has not undergone extreme modification. This study presents detailed information about the DPPH method and an in-depth review of different developments.

The use of F. religiosa might be beneficial in inflammatory illnesses and can be used for a variety of health conditions. In this article, we studied the identification of antioxidants using (DPPH) 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylradical scavenging activity in Ficus religiosa, as F. religiosa is an important herbal plant, and every part of it has various medicinal properties such as antibacterial properties that can be used by the researchers in the development and design of various new drugs. The 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) is a popular, quick, easy, and affordable approach for the measurement of antioxidant properties that includes the use of the free radicals used for assessing the potential of substances to serve as hydrogen providers or free-radical scavengers (FRS). The technique of DPPH testing is associated with the elimination of DPPH, which would be a stabilized free radical. The free-radical DPPH interacts with an odd electron to yield a strong absorbance at 517 nm, i.e., a purple hue. An FRS antioxidant, for example, reacts to DPPH to form DPPHH, which has a lower absorbance than DPPH because of the lower amount of hydrogen. It is radical in comparison to the DPPH-H form, because it causes decolorization, or a yellow hue, as the number of electrons absorbed increases. Decolorization affects the lowering capacity significantly. As soon as the DPPH solutions are combined with the hydrogen atom source, the lower state of diphenylpicrylhydrazine is formed, shedding its violet color. To explain the processes behind the DPPH tests, as well as their applicability to Ficus religiosa (F. religiosa) in the manufacture of metal oxide nanoparticles, in particular MgO, and their influence on antioxidants, a specimen from the test was chosen for further study. According to our findings, F. religiosa has antioxidant qualities and may be useful in the treatment of disorders caused by free radicals.

Abstract The standard technologies and hazardous chemicals used in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) can be harmful to the environment and as well as for human health. Sustainable and eco- friendly method of synthesizing nanoparticles are required. To synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), Grewia optiva leaf extract was used in the current research as a reducing agent. The leaves were thoroughly cleaned and dried before forming in an aqueous solution using a Jeldal apparatus for 20 minutes at 100 ºC. For the purpose, the extract and the silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution were thoroughly mixed. The method of synthesizing nanoparticles was optimized through the manipulation of multiple parameters, such as pH, temperature, and salt content. It was found that the ideal temperature for the synthesis of nanoparticles was 85 °C, the ideal pH range was 6-7, and the ideal salt concentration was 2 mL. Different techniques were used for characterization, including X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the crystalline structure of nanoparticles, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) to identify chemical bonds and functional groups, using an Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDX) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to determine particle size in detail, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze morphological aspects. The biosynthesized Ag-NPs showed potent antibacterial, phytotoxic, insecticidal, antipyretic, and analgesic properties in addition to efficient radical scavenging. The results showed that Ag-NPs made from G. optiva aqueous extract are appropriate for the production of novel medical and agricultural remedies. Since this study was carried out in a lab, more investigation is required to determine whether large-scale production is feasible and to look into possible uses of these Ag-NPs in the agricultural and biomedical sectors. Resumo As tecnologias padrão e produtos químicos perigosos usados na síntese de nanopartículas de prata (Ag-NPs) podem ser prejudiciais ao meio ambiente e também à saúde humana. Métodos sustentáveis e ecológicos de síntese de nanopartículas são necessários. Para sintetizar nanopartículas de prata (Ag-NPs), o extrato de folhas de Grewia optiva foi usado na pesquisa atual como um agente redutor. As folhas foram completamente limpas e secas antes de serem formadas em uma solução aquosa usando um aparelho Jeldal por 20 minutos a 100 ºC. Para esse propósito, o extrato e a solução de nitrato de prata (AgNO3) foram completamente misturados. O método de síntese de nanopartículas foi otimizado por meio da manipulação de múltiplos parâmetros, como pH, temperatura e teor de sal. Foi descoberto que a temperatura ideal para a síntese de nanopartículas era de 85 °C, a faixa de pH ideal era de 6-7 e a concentração ideal de sal era de 2 mL. Diferentes técnicas foram usadas para caracterização, incluindo difração de raios X (XRD) para determinar a estrutura cristalina das nanopartículas, espectroscopia de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FT-IR) para identificar ligações químicas e grupos funcionais, usando um espectrômetro de raios X de energia dispersiva (EDX) e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM) para determinar o tamanho das partículas em detalhes e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM) para analisar aspectos morfológicos. Os Ag-NPs biossintetizados mostraram potentes propriedades antibacterianas, fitotóxicas, inseticidas, antipiréticas e analgésicas, além de eficiente eliminação de radicais. Os resultados mostraram que os Ag-NPs feitos a partir do extrato aquoso de G. optiva são apropriados para a produção de novos remédios médicos e agrícolas. Como este estudo foi realizado em laboratório, são necessárias mais investigações para determinar se a produção em larga escala é viável e para analisar possíveis usos desses Ag-NPs nos setores agrícola e biomédico.

Coffee is a beverage that is widely enjoyed by people all over the world. Its special aroma and taste, as well as its health benefits, have kept coffee popular to this day. Although coffee was discovered thousands of years ago, its potential, especially concerning its antioxidant content, has not been fully explored. The purpose of this study is to test the antioxidant strength of one of South Sulawesi's biodiversity treasures, Toraja robusta coffee extract, and to examine its relevance to sports health. The Toraja robusta coffee extract was brewed using hot water at a temperature of 92 °C. Subsequently, the antioxidant strength of the coffee extract was tested using the 2,2-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) IC50 method at a maximum wavelength of 516 nm. The results show that the antioxidant strength of Toraja robusta coffee is in the very strong category with an IC50 of 0.37 mg. Further research is needed to detect what compounds in Toraja robusta coffee act as antioxidants and to explore more deeply the potential of Toraja robusta coffee as an antioxidant supplement for athletes.

Since the last few years, the growing interest in the use of natural and synthetic antioxidants as functional food ingredients and dietary supplements, is observed. The imbalance between the number of antioxidants and free radicals is the cause of oxidative damages of proteins, lipids, and DNA. The aim of the study was the review of recent developments in antioxidants. One of the crucial issues in food technology, medicine, and biotechnology is the excess free radicals reduction to obtain healthy food. The major problem is receiving more effective antioxidants. The study aimed to analyze the properties of efficient antioxidants and a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of antioxidant processes. Our researches and sparing literature data prove that the ligand antioxidant properties complexed by selected metals may significantly affect the free radical neutralization. According to our preliminary observation, this efficiency is improved mainly by the metals of high ion potential, e.g., Fe(III), Cr(III), Ln(III), Y(III). The complexes of delocalized electronic charge are better antioxidants. Experimental literature results of antioxidant assays, such as diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing activity power assay (FRAP), were compared to thermodynamic parameters obtained with computational methods. The mechanisms of free radicals creation were described based on the experimental literature data. Changes in HOMO energy distribution in phenolic acids with an increasing number of hydroxyl groups were observed. The antioxidant properties of flavonoids are strongly dependent on the hydroxyl group position and the catechol moiety. The number of methoxy groups in the phenolic acid molecules influences antioxidant activity. The use of synchrotron techniques in the antioxidants electronic structure analysis was proposed.