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Background Initiation of breastfeeding immediately after birth, exclusive breastfeeding, and continuous breastfeeding for at least 2 years lower the risk of newborn deaths. This study was conducted to examine the trends and factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding and duration of breastfeeding in Ethiopia. Methods Data for this study were extracted from the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016. A total of 5122 children were included in the analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis, and Cox proportional hazards model were fitted to find the factors associated with breastfeeding practices. Reported p - values < 0.05 or a 95% Confidence Interval of Odds Ratio/Hazard Ratio excluding one was considered as significant association with early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding, duration of breastfeeding and independent variables. Results About 81.8% of the children initiated breastfeeding within 1 h of birth and during the day before an interview, 47% were exclusively breastfed during the first 6 months. The median duration of breastfeeding was 22 months (22 ± 0.50 months 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 21.01–22.99). Rural residents (Odds Ratio [OR] 0.71, 95% CI 0.51, 0.99), mothers with no antenatal follow up (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.57, 0.99), caesarean birth (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.66, 0.96) and home delivery were associated with low initiation of breastfeeding within 1 h of birth. Mothers with no/primary education (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.40, 0.96), no baby postnatal checkup (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.39, 0.73), average/larger size of a child at birth (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.65, 0.99) and deliveries outside of health centers were significantly associated with non-exclusive breastfeeding at the time of the interview. Further, mothers living in Amhara (Hazard Ratio [HR] 1.31, 95% CI 1.05, 1.64), Oromia (HR 1.27, 95% CI 1.04, 1.54), and Benishangul-Gumuz (HR 1.34, 95% CI 1.09, 1.65) regions had a longer duration of breastfeeding while Muslims, employed mothers, multiple births and poor economic level of households were associated with shorter durations of breastfeeding. Conclusions Rural residence, female sex, home delivery, caesarean birth, small birthweight baby and large family size were associated with late initiation of breastfeeding. Living in Affar, Somali, and Harari, primary education level of mothers, giving birth outside of health facilities, no antenatal care follow up, and no postnatal check-up were associated with non-exclusive breastfeeding, while younger age mothers, Muslims, giving birth outside of health facilities, and employed mothers were associated with shorter time to cessation of breastfeeding. Providing health education and counseling for mothers during and after pregnancy should be encouraged.

Background Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide, with its incidence increasing, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Breastfeeding has been proposed as a modifiable protective factor, but conflicting evidence exists regarding the relationship between breastfeeding duration and breast cancer risk, warranting further investigation. Methods This meta-analysis, conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines, included observational studies published in English between March 2014 and April 2024 and focused on case‒control and cohort studies. Literature searches were conducted via the EBSCO, PubMed, and Scopus databases. Studies were selected on the basis of the availability of odds ratios (ORs) or relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), specifically analyses of the association between breastfeeding duration and breast cancer risk. Results A total of 23 case‒control studies were included in the analysis. Never breastfeeding was associated with a significantly increased risk of breast cancer (OR: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.72; I² = 84%). Breastfeeding for less than 12 months was associated with an even greater risk (OR: 3.59; 95% CI: 2.50, 5.18; I² = 31%) than breastfeeding for more than 11 months. Sensitivity analysis excluding three studies with inverse effects reduced heterogeneity (I² = 48%) and yielded a stronger association (OR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.49, 1.91). Conclusion This meta-analysis supports the protective effect of extended breastfeeding against breast cancer, particularly for durations exceeding 11 months. These findings underscore the importance of promoting breastfeeding as an accessible and cost-effective preventive strategy, particularly in resource-constrained settings.

Background: Studies examining direct vs. expressed breast milk feeding are scarce. We explored the predictors of mode of breastfeeding and its association with breastfeeding duration in a multi-ethnic Asian population. Methods: We included 541 breastfeeding mother—infant pairs from the Growing Up in Singapore Toward healthy Outcomes cohort. Mode of breastfeeding (feeding directly at the breast, expressed breast milk (EBM) feeding only, or mixed feeding (a combination of the former 2 modes)) was ascertained at three months postpartum. Ordinal logistic regression analyses identified predictors of breast milk expression. Cox regression models examined the association between mode of breastfeeding and duration of any and of full breastfeeding. Results: Maternal factors independently associated with a greater likelihood of breast milk expression instead of direct breastfeeding were Chinese (vs. Indian) ethnicity, (adjusted odds ratio, 95% CI; 3.41, 1.97–5.91), tertiary education (vs. secondary education or lower) (2.22, 1.22–4.04), primiparity (1.54, 1.04–2.26) and employment during pregnancy (2.53, 1.60–4.02). Relative to those who fed their infants directly at the breast, mothers who fed their infants EBM only had a higher likelihood of early weaning among all mothers who were breastfeeding (adjusted hazard ratio, 95% CI; 2.20, 1.61–3.02), and among those who were fully breastfeeding (2.39, 1.05–5.41). Mothers who practiced mixed feeding, however, were not at higher risk of earlier termination of any or of full breastfeeding. Conclusions: Mothers who fed their infants EBM exclusively, but not those who practiced mixed feeding, were at a higher risk of terminating breastfeeding earlier than those who fed their infants directly at the breast. More education and support are required for women who feed their infants EBM only.

Background Breastfeeding for optimum duration is one of the most effective ways to reduce infant morbidity and mortality and confirms expected growth and development of children. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of socio-demographic and anthropometric determinants on duration of breastfeeding (DB) among mothers in Bangladesh. Methods The data was extracted from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS)-2014. A total of 3541 married non–pregnant and currently non-breastfeeding Bangladeshi mothers in reproductive age who had at least one child aged 6–36 months were included in this study. Independent sample t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to find the significance difference in DB between two and more than two groups respectively. Multiple linear regression model was utilized to determine the effect of socio-economic, demographic, anthropometric and health related variables on DB. Results This study revealed that the mean and median of DB among Bangladeshi mothers were 18.91 (95% CI: 18.65–19.17) and 19.00 months respectively. Independent sample t-test and ANOVA showed that DB among Bangladeshi mothers was significantly influenced by (i) ANC visits, (ii) religion, (iii) mode of delivery, (iv) place of delivery, (v) parents’ education, (vi) geographical location, (vii) mothers’ occupation and (viii) household wealth quintile. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that mothers’ age, total number of children, mothers’ age at first birth, ANC visits, mothers’ occupation and geographical location were important predictors of DB. Conclusions Healthcare providers and decision makers can consider these findings to make plan for counseling of mothers and family members to promote optimum DB practice in first 2 years of baby’s life.

The ability of individuals to recall events is influenced by the time interval between the monitoring time and the occurrence of the event. In this article, we introduce a non-recall probability function that incorporates this information into our modeling framework. We model the time-to-event using the Weibull distribution and adopt a latent variable approach to handle situations where recall is not possible. In the classical framework, we obtain point estimators using expectation-maximization algorithm and construct the observed Fisher information matrix using missing information principle. Within the Bayesian paradigm, we derive point estimators under suitable choice of priors and calculate highest posterior density intervals using Markov Chain Monte Carlo samples. To assess the performance of the proposed estimators, we conduct an extensive simulation study. Additionally, we utilize age at menarche and breastfeeding datasets as examples to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Two prominent factors in this regard are a woman's history of contraceptive use and the duration of breastfeeding. This study aimed to delve into these risk factors and their impact on cancer incidence. The research employed a cross-sectional design involving 125 cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy at Abdul Wahab Sjahranie Hospital in Samarinda, East Kalimantan. This study used a total sampling approach to include all available patients. Data on contraceptive use, breastfeeding duration, and cancer status were collected through a questionnaire and subsequently analyzed using the chi-square test. The study revealed that breast cancer was the most prevalent type, affecting 41.6% of patients. Additionally, more than half of the respondents breastfed for less than two years (52%), while only 48% breastfed for two years or more. Notably, a significant majority (66.4%) had a history of using hormonal contraception. Statistical analysis demonstrated a compelling association between contraceptive history, breastfeeding duration, and cancer incidence (p < 0.001). In summary, the findings highlight a substantial relationship between a woman's history of contraceptive use, the duration of breastfeeding, and the incidence of breast cancer. These results underscore the importance of further research and the development of targeted interventions to better understand and mitigate breast cancer risk factors among women.

The WHO European Region has the lowest exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rates at 6 months in the world. In Austria, 55.5% of infants are EBF at the age of one week, although breastfeeding initiation is 97.5%. The study was conducted in 2019/2020 and considered 1214 mothers of legal age, who received four online questionnaires during their child’s first year of life. The influence of different variables on total/exclusive breastfeeding duration were analysed by using a Cox model (Extension of the Cox Proportional Hazards Model) with time-dependent covariates. Multivariate analyses showed a significant influence of maternal BMI, lifestyle factors, such as smoking, and breastfeeding support on total breastfeeding duration. Remarkable differences in the median duration of any breastfeeding were found for breastfeeding support, where mothers breastfed twice as long. Support came primarily from hospital staff, the midwife and the partner. A higher monthly household net income, delivery in a baby-friendly certified hospital (BFH) and breastfeeding support were associated with a longer EBF duration. Obese mothers started feeding infant formula earlier and had a higher risk of early weaning. The results offer valuable insights into the importance of breastfeeding-friendly structures such as BFHs, a focus on breastfeeding aftercare and support of the mother to promote and protect breastfeeding.

Maternal infant-feeding intention is a strong determinant of breastfeeding initiation and duration. However, the effect of intended breastfeeding duration on infant-feeding practices has been less studied. This secondary analysis uses data collected in the CASTLE study which investigated the roles of Candida and Staphylococcus aureus in nipple and breast pain in breastfeeding women; 360 women intending to breastfeed for at least 8 weeks were recruited in late pregnancy and followed weekly for first 4 weeks postpartum. Intended breastfeeding duration was ascertained at recruitment. Method of infant feeding in previous 24 hours was collected at each time point. Women who intended to breastfeed for <= 6 months were more likely to give their babies formula during first 4 weeks postpartum: 41% (47/116) compared to 27% (59/220) of women planning to breastfeed for > 6 months, RR 1.5 (95%CI 1.1, 2.1, p=0.01). Only 38% (129/336) of women were completely breastfeeding at the breast at all time points in first 4 weeks; women intending to breastfeed for > 6 months were more likely to be completely breastfeeding at the breast at all time points: 41% (89/220) compared to 26% (30/116) (RR 1.6, 95%CI 1.1, 2.2, p=0.008). This suggests that some early formula use stems from maternal perception rather than infant requirement. Clinicians could ask all women antenatally how long they plan to breastfeed to facilitate a discussion about global recommendations for 6 months' exclusive breastfeeding and continued breastfeeding for two years and beyond.

Introduction Duration of breastfeeding is the length of the time that infants who were initially breastfed continue to receive breast milk until weaning. The duration of breastfeeding is important for a child's health, growth, and development. However, the duration of breastfeeding decreases from time to time and further leads children to be exposed to malnutrition (stunting, wasting, and weight loss). Children who did not get enough breastfeeding are also exposed to different diseases. Previous studies used a simple survival model and didn’t see the shared frailty model on the variable of interest. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the factors affecting the duration of breastfeeding among Ethiopian women of reproductive age with babies. Methods A cross-sectional study design was conducted on 15,400 women of childbearing age with babies in nine regional states and two city administrations. The data source for the analysis was the 2016 EDHS data. The Cox-proportional hazard model, AFT, and parametric shared frailty models were conducted for the current investigation. Weibull-gamma shared frailty model was in favor of others for current data analysis. Results Among the covariates, women living in urban area (Φ = 0.96; 95% CI; (0.94,0.97); p -value = 0.001), non-educated women(Φ = 1.03; 95% CI; (1.00,1.06); p -value = 0.039), primary educated women (Φ = 1.13; 95% CI; (1.11,1.15); p -value < 0.001), age of a child (Φ = 0.99; 95% CI; (0.76.0.99); p -value < 0.001) and non-smoker mothers (Φ = 1.60; 95% CI; (1.57, 1.63); p- value < 0.001),birth interval between 2–3 years(Φ = 1.02; 95% CI;(1.09, 1.25, p -value = 0.027), birth interval, > 3 years(Φ = 1.28; 95% CI; (1.06, 1.43); p -value < 0.01 significantly affected the duration of breastfeeding. The median survival time of breastfeeding of women of reproductive age with babies considered under study was 23.4 months. Clustering had a significant effect on the variable of interest. Conclusion Residence area, level of education, age of the child, smoking status of women, and birth interval of successive birth significantly affected the duration of breastfeeding in the current investigation. Hence, the health staff should conduct health-related education for young women, educated women, urban women, smoker women, and women with a shorter interval of birth to increase the women's attitude and awareness towards the use of long-duration of breastfeeding.

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding is influenced by several things, including the mother's motivation and supporting factors such as husband’ support. Exclusive breastfeeding and duration of breastfeeding may relate to nutritional status of infants considering the effects that malnutrition may have. The purpose of this study is to identify the effects the duration of breastfeeding and partner support for breastfeeding mothers on the nutritional status of infants aged 0–6 months in the village of Tanjung Pauh, West Sumatera, Indonesia. Design and Methods: This study used a quantitative study in which a cross-sectional method. Data collection was carried out using an online questionnaire distributed to the 76 breastfeeding mothers were conducted by consecutive sampling at Tanjung Pauh. Chi-square test analysis was used to determine the association between the duration of breastfeeding and partner support with the nutritional status of infants. Results: There was not a significant relationship found between the duration of breastfeeding p=0.216, =0.05, p>α), and partner support for breastfeeding mothers with the nutritional status of infants aged 0–6 months in the village of Tanjung Pauh, West Sumatera (p=0.100, α 0.05, p>α). Conclusions: ] In Tanjung Pauh, partner support is not a factor that affects the nutritional status of infants aged 0–6 months, which may be due to the positive attitude of breastfeeding mothers toward fulfilling their babies’ nutritional requirements so as to achieve a normal nutritional status.