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Dacryodes Vahl. species, belonging to the Burseraceae family, are widely used in traditional medicine in tropical regions to treat a range of ailments including malaria, wounds, tonsillitis, and ringworms. This review discusses the distribution, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, and bioactivities of Dacryodes species. The intent is to spur future research into isolating and identifying key active principles, secondary metabolites, and crude extracts, and evaluating their pharmacological and toxicological effects, as well as the mechanism of actions to understand their medicinal benefits. A systematic review of scientific electronic databases from 1963 to 2022 including Scifinder, Scopus, Pubmed, Springer Link, ResearchGate, Ethnobotany Research and Applications, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect was conducted with a focus on Dacryodes edulis (G.Don) H.J. Lam and Dacryodes rostrata (Blume) H.J. Lam. Pharmacological data revealed that D. edulis isolates contain secondary metabolites and other phytochemical groups belonging to the terpenoids class with anti-microbial, anticancer, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory and hepatoprotective activities, highlighting its pharmacological potential in the therapy or management of diverse cancers, cardiovascular, and neurological diseases. Thus, phytochemicals and standardized extracts from D. edulis could offer safer and cost-effective chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic health benefits/regimen, or as alternative therapeutic remedy for several human diseases. Nevertheless, the therapeutic potential of most of the plants in the genus have not been exhaustively explored with regard to phytochemistry and pharmacology, but mostly complementary approaches lacking rigorous, scientific research-based knowledge. Therefore, the therapeutic potentials of the Dacryodes genus remain largely untapped, and comprehensive research is necessary to fully harness their medicinal properties.

Essential oils are a complex mixture of aromatic substances whose pharmacological actions, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities, have been widely reported. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-Candida and dermal anti-inflammatory activity of essential oils from native and cultivated Ecuadorian plants. Essential oils from Bursera graveolens, Dacryodes peruviana, Mespilodaphne quixos, and Melaleuca armillaris were isolated by hydrodistillation and were characterized physically and chemically. Its tolerance was analyzed by in vitro and in vivo studies. The antifungal activity was studied against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Candida parapsilosis, whereas the anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated by a mouse ear edema model. The main compounds were limonene, α-phellandrene, (E)-methyl cinnamate, and 1,8-cineole, respectively. All essential oils showed high tolerability for skin application, antifungal activity against the three Candida strains, and anti-inflammatory efficacy by decreasing edema and overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Dacryodes peruviana essential oil showed the highest antifungal activity. On the other hand, Dacryodes peruviana and Melaleuca armillaris showed the greatest anti-inflammatory potential, decreasing edema by 53.3% and 65.25%, respectively, and inhibiting the overexpression of TNF-α, IL-8, IL-17A, and IL-23. The results suggest that these essential oils could be used as alternative therapies in the treatment of both cutaneous candidiasis and dermal inflammation.

Polyphenols, the most abundant and naturally occurring antioxidants, was found to be the highest in Dacryodes rostrata seed as compared to the peel and pulp of the fruit. Growing technologies in the past decades have led to the interest of reviewing and developing environmental-friendly green extraction solvent, as the commonly used conventional solvent imposing various risks to human health and environment. An environmental-friendly extraction technique was established using deep eutectic solvent (DES) as the alternative extraction solvent has been considered. The main objective of this study was to analyse the environmental impact and performance of laboratory processes for phenolic compounds extraction from D. rostrata peel using different solvent, by means of life cycle assessment (LCA). A comparative analysis was carried out to evaluate the environmental impacts caused by both solvents, DES and conventional organic solvent, ethanol. The functional unit (FU) was defined as 104.6 mg of extracted polyphenols, measured as gallic acid equivalents (mg GAE)/g dw of D. rostrata seed used. The variation of environmental impacts between DES and ethanol as a function of optimum process conditions (temperature, time, solid/liquid ratio, and water addition) was evaluated. According to the environmental profile analyzed, the well-developed ethanol exerted lower impact and energy consumptions as compared to the environmental-friendly green solvent, DES. Besides, transport activities and electricity consumptions from the extraction process was identified contributing highest environment impact.

Manipulating plant functional diversity to improve agroecosystem multifunctionality is a central challenge of agricultural systems world‐wide. In cocoa agroforestry systems (cAFS), shade trees are used to supply many services to farmers, yet their impact on soil functioning and cocoa yields is likely to vary substantially among tree species. Here we compared the impact of five shade tree species (Canarium schweinfurthii (Canarium), Dacryodes edulis (Safou), Milicia excelsa (Iroko), Ceiba pentandra (Kapok tree), Albizia adianthifolia (Albizia)) and unshaded conditions on the functioning of poor sandy savanna soils within eight cocoa farms in Central Cameroon. We assessed the effects of plant functional traits, leaf litterfall and fine root biomass on a range of soil functions and on cocoa yield. Shade trees generally improved soil pH, NH4+, NO3- and Olsen P content, biomass production of bioassays and soil total C and N content, while leaving cocoa yields unchanged. However, these effects varied largely among species. Improvements of soil functions were low under the two fruit trees (Canarium and Dacryodes), medium under the legume tree Albizia and high under the two timber trees (Milicia and Ceiba). Low litter recalcitrance was most strongly associated with increases in soil fertility indicators such as N and P availability, whereas soil C and N content increased with litter Ca restitution. Synthesis and applications. We demonstrate that cocoa agroforest multifunctionality is substantially influenced by the functional traits of shade tree species. Shade tree species with the most dissimilar traits to cocoa (cocoa showing the lowest leaf litter quality) showed the largest improvement of soil functions. Therefore, selection of shade trees based on their functional traits appears as a promising practice to adequately manage soil functioning. In order to fully assess the beneficial role of shade trees in these agroecosystems. Future research will need to extend this approach to other below‐ground traits and other aspects of multifunctionality such as long‐term cocoa health and yield. Résumé Manipuler la diversité fonctionnelle végétale pour améliorer la multifonctionnalité des agroécosystèmes est un défi majeur à l'échelle mondiale. Dans les systèmes agroforestiers à base de cacaoyers, les arbres d'ombrage sont utilisés pour fournir de nombreux services aux agriculteurs. Cependant, leur impact sur le fonctionnement du sol et le rendement des cacaoyers est susceptible de varier considérablement d'une espèce à l'autre. Nous avons comparé les effets de cinq espèces d'arbres d'ombrage (Canarium schweinfurthii (Canarium), Dacryoides edulis (Safoutier), Milicia excelsa (Iroko), Ceiba pentandra (Fromager ou Kapokier), Albizia adianthifolia (Albizia d'Afrique de l'Ouest) et d'un témoin sans arbres sur le fonctionnement du sol dans huit exploitations cacaoyères sur sol pauvre au Centre du Cameroun. Nous avons ensuite relié les traits fonctionnels des arbres et des litières aériennes ainsi que la biomasse de racines fines à plusieurs fonctions du sol et au rendement des cacaoyers. Les arbres d'ombrage ont globalement amélioré le pH, les teneurs en NH4+, NO3-, P Olsen, Carbone et Azote totaux du sol, et les biomasses produites en bioessais, tout en maintenant les rendements de cacao. Toutefois, ces effets ont considérablement varié d'une espèce à l'autre. Ces améliorations étaient de faible amplitude sous les deux arbres fruitiers (Canarium et Dacryodes), moyennes sous la légumineuse Albizia et élevées sous les deux arbres de bois d'œuvre (Milicia et Ceiba). La faible récalcitrance des litières aériennes a été associée à l'amélioration de la biodisponibilité en N et P du sol, tandis que les teneurs en C et N totaux du sol ont augmenté avec la quantité de Ca restituée par les litières aériennes. Synthèse et applications. Nous démontrons que la multifonctionnalité des systèmes agroforestiers à base de cacaoyers est fortement liée aux traits fonctionnels des espèces d'arbres d'ombrage qui les composent. Les espèces d'ombrage présentant les traits les plus dissemblables des cacaoyers (les cacaoyers présentant la qualité de litière aérienne la plus faible) améliorent davantage la multifonctionnalité du sol que les autres espèces. La sélection des arbres d'ombrage basé sur leurs traits fonctionnels apparaît donc comme une pratique prometteuse pour améliorer le fonctionnement du sol. Afin d'évaluer pleinement le rôle bénéfique des arbres d'ombrage sur ces agroécosystèmes, les futures recherches devront élargir cette approche à d'autres traits souterrains et à d'autres composantes de la multifonctionnalité, telles que la santé et le rendement à long terme des cacaoyers. We demonstrate that cocoa agroforest multifunctionality is substantially influenced by the functional traits of shade tree species. Shade tree species with the most dissimilar traits to cocoa (cocoa showing the lowest leaf litter quality) showed the largest improvement of soil functions. Therefore, selection of shade trees based on their functional traits appears as a promising practice to adequately manage soil functioning. In order to fully assess the beneficial role of shade trees in these agroecosystems. Future research will need to extend this approach to other below‐ground traits and other aspects of multifunctionality such as long‐term cocoa health and yield.

Agroforestry systems in humid tropical areas are complex multispecies cropping systems whose value for farmers is often hard to assess. We present the findings of a participatory assessment that we applied to cocoa agroforestry systems. This assessment, adapted from the pebble distribution method, was used to quantify the value given by farmers to each species of their cocoa agroforestry system according to the attributed uses. A tree inventory in 50 cocoa agroforests was carried out in central Cameroon. Overall, 122 non-cocoa tree species were inventoried. The mean species richness was 23 species per plot and the mean Shannon index was 2.42, for a mean density of 180 non-cocoa trees ha⁻¹and 1,511 cocoa trees ha⁻¹. Cocoa farmers defined seven different uses for tree species, including Theobroma cacao. 81 % of the species (including cocoa trees) had one to seven uses whereas the highest use value was given to T. cacao, with a mean score of 23.6 %. Then, in descending order, the 10 non-cocoa species with the highest use values were Dacryodes edulis, Persea americana, Elaeis guineensis, Citrus sinensis, Mangifera indica, Milicia excelsa, Cola nitida, Citrus sp., Ricinodendron heudelotii, and Terminalia superba. The frequency of non-cocoa species was significantly and positively correlated with their use value (R² = 0.914). Our results showed that technical innovations designed to improve cocoa agroforestry systems should take into account farmers’ knowledge to propose them systems so as to be able to more effectively address their expectations.

A preliminary survey on Burseraceae diversity was conducted in Kuala Keniam and surrounding area at Taman Negara Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia. The data from recent scientific expedition in early September 2020 were compiled with the previous collections lodged in the Herbarium of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKMB), Herbarium of Forest Research Institute Malaysia (KEP), Herbarium of University of Malaya (KLU) and Herbarium of Singapore Botanic Gardens (SING). A total of 19 taxa of Burseraceae from five genera were listed in this area. Santiria and Dacryodes represented the highest species with six (6) taxa each followed by Canarium with five (5) species. The common species that we have counted around Kuala Keniam are Canarium littorale and Dacryodes rostrata . From the flora survey, we counted Canarium littorale, C. pilosum, D. costata, D. rostrata, D. rugosa, Santiria griffithii, S. laevigata and Triomma malaccensis . Meanwhile, in the plot study, we counted Canarium littorale, C. pilosum, Dacryodes rostrata, D. rugosa, Santiria laevigata, S. tomentosa and Scutinanthe brunnea .

The aim of this study was to investigate the adsorption of Congo red (CR) and Vat yellow 4 (VY4) cationic dyes from aqueous media using adsorbents developed from Dacryodes edulis (African pear) seeds (DES) activated using phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ) and sodium chloride (NaCl). The adsorbents were characterised using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectrophotometry (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Maximum uptake of CR and VY4 was observed at an initial pH of 2. H 3 PO 4 activated Dacryodes edulis carbon (ADES) performed better than the NaCl activated Dacryodes edulis carbon (SDES) which implied that the H 3 PO 4 increased the porosity and surface area of DES compared to NaCl use. Maximum dye removal of 99.59%, 96.88%, 99.70% and 98.99% were obtained for the VY4/ADES, VY4/SDES, CR/ADES and CR/SDES, respectively. The Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm showed best fitting when using ADES as adsorbent and the Freundlich isotherm when using SDES. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model was found to best correlate with the experimental data and the adsorption process was controlled by film diffusion. Thermodynamics revealed that adsorption was favourable, spontaneous, and endothermic.

Essential oils are highly demanded substances worldwide. They can be used without modification due to their different chemical and biological properties or as natural sources of chemical compounds. The limit in the use of these metabolites is their low yield. In the present investigation, the essential oil of fruits from Dacryodes peruviana collected in the Ecuadorian Amazon was extracted and studied. The essential oil was released from the plant matrix and isolated by hydrodistillation. The yields obtained were 4.8 ± 0.2% and 11.3 ± 0.2% for fresh and dried fruits, respectively, one of the highest yields on record to date. Twenty-five chemical compounds were identified by GC/MS and GC/FID techniques. The principal constituent was α-phellandrene, with 50.32 ± 3.32%. The antimicrobial activity of the oil was assayed against five Gram negative bacteria, two Gram positive bacteria and two fungi. The essential oil exerted a moderate activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The repellent activity of the oil was assayed against mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae); the samples with 3%, 2% and 1% essential oil were class 4, and the sample with 0.5% showed to be class 3. The essential oil showed a weak antioxidant activity through the DPPH and ABTS methods.

Microsatellites were designed and characterized in the African fruit tree species Dacryodes edulis (Burseraceae). The fruits are commercialized throughout Central Africa and the species is present in forested environments as well as cultivated systems. The high variability of these markers makes them suitable to investigate the structure of genetic diversity in this important food tree species from Central Africa. From a genomic library obtained by next-generation sequencing, 21 new polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed. Tested on 95 individuals from four populations coming from three countries of the Congo Basin, the microsatellites displayed two to 20 alleles (mean 7.5; expected heterozygosity 0.003 to 0.937, mean 0.666). The transferability of microsatellites was effective for four other Dacryodes species ( D. buettneri , D. igaganga , D. osika , D. pubescens ). This set of newly developed microsatellite markers will be useful for assessing the genetic diversity and differentiation as well as gene flow patterns of D. edulis in tropical forests from Central Africa.

Breast cancer is one type of cancer that causes the highest death in women in Indonesia. Alternative herbal-based cancer treatments have been developed, one of which is using fruits. Dacryodes rostrata, a fruit commonly consumed by residents in Kalimantan, is rich in antioxidants such as flavonoids and phenolics. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of water and ethanol extract of D. rostrata peel against T-47D breast cancer cell lines. The fruit extraction was carried out by using maceration method. Antioxidant activity test using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and cytotoxic test using MTT method (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenitetrazolium bromide) assay. The results showed that D. rostrata water and ethanol extract had antioxidant activity with IC 50 values 121.7 ppm and 59.27 ppm, respectively. While cytotoxic effect on T-47D cells with IC50 values of 322.55 ppm and 143.02 ppm, respectively. This study showed that D. rostrata peel water extract had moderate antioxidant activity and moderate cytotoxic effect against T-47D breast cancer cells in vitro which could be used as a chemo preventive to prevent and inhibit cancer cell growth.