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In this book, acclaimed Dostoevsky biographer Joseph Frank explores some of the most important aspects of nineteenth and twentieth century Russian culture, literature, and history. Delving into the distinctions of the Russian novel as well as the conflicts between the religious peasant world and the educated Russian elite, Between Religion and Rationality displays the cogent reflections of one of the most distinguished and versatile critics in the field.

Mr. [Yuli Daniel] was put on trial with fellow-writer Andrei Sinyavsky in 1966 after publishing works abroad. He was sentenced to five years in a labor camp for anti-Soviet propaganda. Sinyavsky received a seven-year term and later emigrated to France.

After the trial, some prominent Soviet intellectuals and Communist Party members around the world expressed dismay. Pravda defended the sentences, saying that the two writers had apparently failed to understand the nature of the Soviet Union's ''socialist democracy.'' After Mikhail S. Gorbachev lifted some artistic restrictions, some of Mr. [Yuli M. Daniel]'s work has circulated in the Soviet Union. In July, as he lay ill in a hospital, the popular weekly Ogonyok published poems Mr. Daniel had written in prison, calling them ''his first publications after a break of more than 20 years.'' Introducing the five poems, the magazine wrote: ''Yuli Daniel - prose writer and poet. Yuli Daniel - war veteran and a man of difficult fate.'' Included was a poem titled ''The Ring,'' in which Mr. Daniel appeared to liken his trial to a boxing match.

A soldier shot and killed a Palestinian who allegedly tried to grab his rifle on Sunday, as Foreign Minister Shimon Peres appeared to break new ground by saying he was willing to negotiate separately with Palestinian representatives. Previously, Peres and other leaders have called for talks with a joint Jordanian- Palestinian delegation.

Unfortunately, there is hardly any mention of [Yuli Daniel] in this novel, which is divided into five parts. In contrast, there is a searing portrait of the evil Jew, \"S. ,\" a brilliant childhood friend of [Andrei Sinyavsky]'s who grew into a classic Soviet informer - and who may have turned in both Sinyavsky and Daniel. Sinyavsky is a powerful writer with a light, phantasmagoric touch, like Bulgakov. There are some wonderful passages - the description of Moscow in March 1953, in the wake of the Soviet God's death, is masterfully rendered, and reminiscent of Yevtushenko's memoir of those days when hundreds of people were crushed to death trying to catch a glimpse of The Great [Stalin]. (\"He would have taken everyone else with him if he'd been able to,\" Sinyavsky comments). His description of Stalin as \"a sleek cat\" brings to mind Daniel's family cat, \"Lazar Moiseyevich.\" It was named after Kaganovich - Stalin's bloody henchman.

\"[Andrei Sinyavsky]'s and [Yuli Daniel]'s works had great meaning. Sinyavsky's visit is therefore probably a watershed and has great significance.\"

''The arrest was a kind of boundary - a time when we understood that the authorities were going to go after those who disagreed with them,'' said Fazil Iskander, one of this country's most gifted storytellers, who joined other friends tonight around crowded tables at the apartment of Mr. [Yuli M. Daniel]'s son for toasts, tributes and recitations from memory of Mr. Daniel's work. His best-known story, ''This Is Moscow Speaking,'' opens with an official radio proclamation of ''public murder day,'' on which any citizen will have the right to kill any other citizen except policemen and public transit workers. The story recounts the reactions of various citizens, none of whom think to question the idea on moral grounds. ''It seemed then like we were losing a chance to pull out of a dead end,'' Mr. Iskander said tonight. ''I didn't know him then, but we protested against the closed trial and against the fact that a man could be arrested for his words.'' A Test of Courage

''[Alexander Solzhenitsyn] is an authoritarian and an individualist,'' Mr. Sinyavksy said. ''He is for strong, hard power. He is against the liberals. He doesn't like the intelligentsia.'' The phrase drew an apoplectic response from Mr. Solzhenitsyn and many other emigres, who considered it traitorous to the sacred traditions of old Russia. The two writers have periodically exchanged bitter barbs in emigre newspapers, Mr. Solzhenitsyn calling emigres of Mr. [Andrei D. Sinyavsky]'s ilk ''Russophobes,'' Mr. Sinyavsky criticizing Mr. Solzhenitsyn as ''the founder of a new conformity of ideas.'' ''In the concentration camp, I found myself in a fantastical reality,'' he said. ''Since I'm an author of fantastical tales and strange things, I found myself in a reality that suited me as a writer. Of course the tale is frightening, but it is an interesting one.''

The weekly published Mr. [Yuli M. Daniel]'s work on page 30, along with a small photo of him taken at least 20 years ago. ''Yuli Daniel - prose writer and poet. Yuli Daniel - war veteran and a man of difficult fate,'' the magazine said. ''Before you are his first publications after a break of more than 20 years.''

In the late l960s, then-Sen. Robert F. Kennedy told Sovietpoet Yevgeny Yevtushenko that U.S. intelligence agents had betrayedthe identities of two dissident Soviet writers to the KGB, a move that led to their imprisonment, according to the interpreter who helped Kennedy and the Soviet poet converse. When the Yevtushenko article first appeared in the Feb. 9 issue, numerous associates of the late New York senator said in interviews they had never heard him speak of an American betrayal of the Soviet writers, and several expressed doubt that Yevtushenko's story was true. But the interpreter, Prof. Albert Todd of Queens College, confirmed it in an interview. [Yuli Daniel] and Sinyavski were established literary figures in Moscow at the time. Several of their unpublished works were smuggled to the West and published under the pen names of Abram Tertz and Nikolai Arzhak. On the basis of those publications, Sinyavski was sentenced to 7 years and Daniel to 5 years in jail on charges of spreading anti-Soviet propaganda.