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This study adopted descriptive and explorative methods to analyze 2162 published documents, in general, and 1903 articles, in particular, in System from 1973 to 2020 based on the Scopus database. Data preprocessing and analysis were performed using data mining, text mining, and bibliometric techniques through Excel, VOSviewer, and RapidMiner software. To analyze the article titles and identify their themes, N-Grams was considered among the text mining techniques. From the data mining techniques, clustering was applied to explore the clusters of languages, educational technologies, technological spaces for foreign languages, etc. Bibliometric techniques such as co-authorship networks and citation analysis were in turn used to analyze the tops and trends of research in  System . The results are classified into 5 categories including: (1) journal status; (2) publication trend; (3) articles with and without abstract/keyword; (4) highly-cited and uncited articles; (5) core and poor topics and keywords. The core topics are English as a Foreign Language , motivation, and second language acquisition . Among the languages, English , Chinese , and Japanese are at the top, and Italian , Danish , Persian , and Taiwanese are less discussed. Based on the findings, System has moved in line with its goals and scope, which are the applications of educational technology and applied linguistics to solve the problems of foreign language teaching and learning.

The OffensEval shared tasks organized as part of SemEval-2019–2020 were very popular, attracting over 1300 participating teams. The two editions of the shared task helped advance the state of the art in offensive language identification by providing the community with benchmark datasets in Arabic, Danish, English, Greek, and Turkish. The datasets were annotated using the OLID hierarchical taxonomy, which since then has become the de facto standard in general offensive language identification research and was widely used beyond OffensEval. We present a survey of OffensEval and related competitions, and we discuss the main lessons learned. We further evaluate the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs), which have recently revolutionalized the field of Natural Language Processing. We use zero-shot prompting with six popular LLMs and zero-shot learning with two task-specific fine-tuned BERT models, and we compare the results against those of the top-performing teams at the OffensEval competitions. Our results show that while some LMMs such as Flan-T5 achieve competitive performance, in general LLMs lag behind the best OffensEval systems.

Previous studies of emoji effects on text sentiment demonstrate mixed findings. Further, these studies are limited by confounds, e.g., underlying text sentiment, lack of ecological validity. We considered emoji effects on the emotional valence of affectively neutral English-language text messages. We additionally considered differences across US-American, British, and Danish participants. 217 participants considered screenshots of question-and-response text message exchanges with/without emoji, in a 4 (emoji type: no emoji, negative, neutral, positive) × 3 (nationality: American, British, Danish) mixed-factors design. Cumulative link mixed-effects models demonstrated that messages + negative emoji were rated more-negatively than any other emoji conditions. Responses + positive emoji were rated more-positively than any other emoji condition. Responses + neutral emoji and responses without emoji were perceived as equally emotive. There was no emoji type × nationality interaction, suggesting that emoji effects were consistent across participants. Findings are considered viz linguistic processing, social interactions, education, marketing, and public health interventions.

Most research on cognates has focused on words presented in isolation that are easily defined as cognate between L1 and L2. In contrast, this study investigates what counts as cognate in authentic texts and how such cognates are read. Participants with L1 Danish read news articles in their highly proficient L2, English, while their eye-movements were monitored. The experiment shows a cognate advantage for morphologically simple words, but only when cognateness is defined relative to translation equivalents that are appropriate in the context. For morphologically complex words, a cognate disadvantage is observed which may be due to problems of integrating cognate with non-cognate morphemes. The results show that fast non-selective access to the bilingual lexicon is conditioned by the communicative context. Importantly, a range of variables are statistically controlled in the regression analyses, including word predictability indexed by the conditional probability of each word.

[...]the battles with Grendel and Grendel's mother are now widely regarded as a variant of the northern folktale-type known as the Two Trolls or Bear's Son Tale attested in Greitis saga and other Scandinavian sources, though close parallels have also been detected with the Irish folktale known as The Hand and the Child.4 While Beowulf's third and final fight (with the dragon) has attracted considerably less attention than the first two, analogues have again been adduced in tales of Germanic and Norse dragon-slayers such as Sigurd, Frotho, and Thor, as well as classical figures such as Cadmus.5 However, Christine Rauer has shown that certain elements of Beowulf's dragon-fight absent from or rare in Germanic and Norse tradition have close parallels in the vitae of St Samson of Dol (contained in the ninth-century Vita II Samsonis) and St Michael (in the ninth- or tenth-century Homiliary of Saint-Pere).6 Complementing Rauer's work on the Christian resonance of the dragon-fight, this article identifies a new hagiographical analogue and possible source for Beowulf's fight with Grendel in Gregory the Great's Dialogi.7 The evidence presented below contributes to a growing body of scholarship highlighting the importance of hagiographical and homiletic materials to the poem's literary background.8 Gregorys Dialogi' in early medieval England As the instigator of the Augustinian mission of 597' Pope Gregory I occupied a special place in early medieval English spirituality.9 Hence, for example, the ninth-century Mercian author of The Old English Martyrology writes: [...]several scholars have found echoes of Homiliae in Evangelia and Regula Pastoralis in Hrothgar's socalled 'sermon', in which the old Danish king warns the young Beowulf of the dangers of pride,13 while in 1977 Judson Boyce Allen argued that the tearing of Grendel's shoulder joint (lines 815b-18a) is indebted to a passage in Moralia in lob on the disordering of the social life.14 More recently, in an essay which bears directly on the discussion below, David E Johnson has proposed that the poet's characterization of Grendel is influenced by Gregorian demonology.15 Some modern scholars have recently cast doubt on the authenticity of the Dialogi, questioning whether the great theologian of the Moralia could have been responsible for this seemingly unsophisticated collection of miracle-tales and lives of Italian saints.16 Yet, while the Dialogi may not appeal to modern tastes, it proved immensely popular throughout early medieval Europe.17 Indeed, according to Michael Lapidge, the Dialogi was part of 'the small core of staple patristic texts, scarcely exceeding twenty titles' that constituted the 'typical Anglo- Saxon library,18 while the Fontes Anglo-Saxonici database lists citations from the work in a range of Anglo-Latin and Old English sources from the eighth to eleventh centuries.19 A large part of the texts appeal stems from the fact that Book II contains the most substantial account of the life of St Benedict, though there can be no doubt that medieval readers found inspiration and solace in the works diverse tapestry of miracles and holy lives. According to King Alfreds biographer, Asser, the West Saxon ruler instructed Bishop Wærferth of Worcester to translate the Dialogi into English for him, making it perhaps the first of the Alfredian translations.20 Wærferths Old English Dialogues survives today in several manuscript witnesses dating from the late tenth and eleventh centuries, though it remains the least studied of the works associated with Alfred.21 A prose preface accompanies the text of Wærferths Dialogues in an eleventh-century manuscript, Cambridge Corpus Christi 322. [...]forþan ic sohte and wilnade to minum getreowum freondum, þæt hi me of Godes bocum be haligra manna þeawum and wundrum awriten þas æfterfylgendan lare, þæt ic þurh þa mynegunge and lufe gescyrped on minum mode betwih þas eorðlican gedrefednese hwilum gehiege þa heofonlican.22 (I Alfred, honoured by the gift of Christ with the glory of kingship, have clearly perceived and often heard through the testimony of holy books, that for us, to whom God has granted such heights of worldly distinction, there is the greatest need that amid these earthly anxieties we should bend and turn our minds to the divine and spiritual duties. [...]I required and asked of my loyal friends that they would write for me, out of God's books, the following information concerning the virtues and miracles of holy people, so that I, strengthened through the exhortation and love amid these earthly tribulations, might from time to time think of heavenly things.)23 In addition to Wærfeth's translation, other Old English versions of the text were evidently in circulation: A Gregorian haunting-tale In Book III.4 of the Dialogi, Gregory relates to Peter the Deacon how Bishop Datius of Milan (d. 552) cast out the devil from an abandoned house in Corinth: Eiusdem quoque principis tempore, cum Datius Mediolanensis urbis episcopus, causa fidei exactus, ad Constantinopolitanam urbem pergeret, Corinthi deuenit.