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This article uses data on more than 1,000 political leaders between 1875 and 2004 to investigate whether having a more educated leader affects the rate of economic growth. We use an expanded set of random leadership transitions because of natural death or terminal illness to show, following an earlier paper by Jones and Olken (2005), that leaders matter for growth. We then provide evidence supporting the view that heterogeneity among leaders' educational attainment is important with growth being higher by having leaders who are more highly educated.

Using micro-data on six surveys–the Gallup World Poll 2005–2023, the U.S. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1993–2022, Eurobarometer 1991–2022, the UK Covid Social Survey Panel, 2020–2022, the European Social Survey 2002–2020 and the IPSOS Happiness Survey 2018–2023 –we show individuals’ reports of subjective wellbeing in Europe declined in the Great Recession of 2008/9 and during the Covid pandemic of 2020–2021 on most measures. They also declined in four countries bordering Ukraine after the Russian invasion in 2022. However, the movements are not large and are not apparent everywhere. We also used data from the European Commission’s Business and Consumer Surveys on people’s expectations of life in general, their financial situation and the economic and employment situation in the country. All of these dropped markedly in the Great Recession and during Covid, but bounced back quickly, as did firms’ expectations of the economy and the labor market. Neither the annual data from the United Nation’s Human Development Index (HDI) nor data used in the World Happiness Report from the Gallup World Poll shifted much in response to negative shocks. The HDI has been rising in the last decade reflecting overall improvements in economic and social wellbeing, captured in part by real earnings growth, although it fell slightly after 2020 as life expectancy dipped. This secular improvement is mirrored in life satisfaction which has been rising in the last decade. However, so too have negative affect in Europe and despair in the United States.

Giriş kısmı, Angus Deaton'ın 2013 yılında yayımlanan Büyük Kaçış (Te Great Escape)1 adlı çalışmadan ilham alarak başlamaktadır. Bu durum, genel olarak kabul gören ekonomik büyüme ve ilerleme anlatısına ters düşmektedir. Kitap boyunca, dört yıllık üniver-site eğitiminin Amerikan toplumunda yarattığı bölünme ve bu eğitimin sağladı-ğı avantajların vurgulanması tekrar eden bir motif olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu durum, özellikle ekonomik olarak dezavantajlı bölgelerde yaşayan be-yaz Amerikalılar arasında gözlenen umutsuzluk ölümleri ile doğrudan ilişkilidir. Bu durum, bireylerin yaşamlarını olumsuz etkile-mekte ve ekonomik eşitsizliği artırmaktadır. Bu öneriler arasında; sağlık ve ilaç piyasalarının düzenlenmesi, sosyal güvenlik ağının güçlendirilmesi, sendikaların ve işçi temsilciliğinin artırılması, taşeronluk ve esnek çalışma koşullarının düzenlenmesi, rekabetin teşvik edilmesi, şirket birleşmeleri-nin denetlenmesi, veri kullanımının sınırlandırılması, asgari ücretin artırılması, lobi faaliyetlerinin sınırlandırılması, üniversite eğitiminin ve mesleki eğitim seçe-neklerinin kolaylaştırılması gibi önlemler yer almaktadır. Kitap, kapitalizmin bireyler ve topluluklar üzerindeki etkilerini analiz ederek, oku-yucuya toplum sağlığını ve ekonomik adaleti anlama noktasında önemli katkılar sağlamaktadır. Söz konusu durum, kitabın küresel bir bakış açısın-dan yoksun kalmasına neden olmaktadır. Te great escape: Health, wealth, and the origins of ınequality. Princeton University Press, Princeton Sandel, M. J. (2018b). Philosophy & Social Criticism, 44(4), 353-359.

Recent analyses have documented the alarming fact that, in the United States, mortality declines have stalled or even reverted in some population groups over the past few years.1 3 Studies have described increases in death rates among middle-aged Whites and especially among Whites with a high-school education or less, primarily attributable to drug overdoses, suicides, and alcohol-related liver disease.2 Perhaps the most influential of these was a study by Case and Deaton2 that received extensive press coverage. OUTSTANDING QUESTIONS Although in their original article Case and Deaton2 did not report analyses by gender, and Stein et al. do not examine differences by gender either, other analyses have found that the increase in death rates in Whites is more pronounced in women than in men.3,6 The presence of this type of gendered response could cast some doubt on the somewhat male-dominated labor market-related despair explanations. The next step is to determine what can be done, not only to reverse the worrisome increase in death rates among Whites, but also to eliminate the profound health inequities by race, social class, and geography that have characterized our society for so long. .4JPH Ana V. Diez Roux, MD, PhD, MPH Correspondence should be sent to Ana V. Diez Roux, MD, PhD, Dean, Dornsife School of Public Health, 3215 Market St, Philadelphia, PA 10146 (e-mail: avd37@drexel.edu).