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"Debris"
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Foreign object debris and damage in aviation
\"The book discusses biological and non-biological Foreign Object Debris (FOD) and associated Foreign Object Damage (FOD) in aviation. Written for aviation industry personnel, aircraft transport and ground operators, and aircraft pilots, the reader will learn to manage FOD to guarantee air traffic safety with minimum costs to airlines and airports. Management control for the debris begins at the aircraft design phase, and the book includes numerical analyses for estimating damage caused by strikes. The book explores aircraft operation in adverse weather conditions and inanimate FOD management programs for airports, airlines, airframe, and engine manufacturers\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Toward the Integrated Marine Debris Observing System
Plastics and other artificial materials pose new risks to health of the ocean. Anthropogenic debris travels across large distances and is ubiquitous in the water and on the shorelines, yet, observations of its sources, composition, pathways and distributions in the ocean are very sparse and inaccurate. Total amounts of plastics and other man-made debris in the ocean and on the shore, temporal trends in these amounts under exponentially increasing production, as well as degradation processes, vertical fluxes and time scales are largely unknown. Present ocean circulation models are not able to accurately simulate drift of debris because of its complex hydrodynamics. In this paper we discuss the structure of the future integrated marine debris observing system (IMDOS) that is required to provide long-term monitoring of the state of the anthropogenic pollution and support operational activities to mitigate impacts on the ecosystem and safety of maritime activity. The proposed observing system integrates remote sensing and in situ observations. Also, models are used to optimize the design of the system and, in turn, they will be gradually improved using the products of the system. Remote sensing technologies will provide spatially coherent coverage and consistent surveying time series at local to global scale. Optical sensors, including high-resolution imaging, multi- and hyperspectral, fluorescence, and Raman technologies, as well as SAR will be used to measure different types of debris. They will be implemented in a variety of platforms, from hand-held tools to ship-, buoy-, aircraft-, and satellite-based sensors. A network of in situ observations, including reports from volunteers, citizen scientists and ships of opportunity, will be developed to provide data for calibration/validation of remote sensors and to monitor the spread of plastic pollution and other marine debris. IMDOS will interact with other observing systems monitoring physical, chemical, and biological processes in the ocean and on shorelines as well as state of the ecosystem, maritime activities and safety, drift of sea ice, etc. The synthesized data will support innovative multi-disciplinary research and serve diverse community of users.
Journal Article
The beachcomber's guide to marine debris
\"This richly illustrated book serves as the ideal guide to the items that litter the world's beaches. Forget sea shells and other fauna and flora. Here, you will find what a beachcomber is actually most likely to encounter these days: glass, plastic, wood, metal, paper, oil, and other sources of marine pollution! Complete with nearly 700 photographs, this guide shows the full range of marine debris items, each presented with insight and a pinch of humor. In addition, the author provides full details about these items. You will learn everything worth knowing about them. This includes not just their sources and decomposition stages. Discover the threat each item poses to these beautiful environments as well as prevention strategies, clean-up recommendations, alternative products, and recycling and upcycling ideas\"-- Publisher's description.
Book
Mechanics of Space Debris Removal: A Review
The growing population of space debris poses a critical risk to space operations, requiring urgent removal strategies. Numerous scientific investigations have focused on debris capture mechanisms in Earth’s orbits, including contact and contact-less capturing methods. However, the known debris population exhibits a multiscale distribution with broad statistics concerning size, shape, etc., making any general-purpose removal approach challenging. This review examines the mechanics of debris detection, capture, and mitigation, analyzing contact-based and contactless removal techniques. Special focus is given to net capturing methods and their mechanical limitations.We also aim to provide comprehensive discussion, beginning with an overview of current debris statistics followed by detection and removal methods, by analyzing key mechanical parameters relevant to removal. Therefore, we delve into the key parameters essential for the engineering of novel debris removal technologies. Finally, we discuss the preventive measures, regulative frameworks and future research directions.
Journal Article
Garbage in space
Explores the problem of space junk that clutters outer space and details the ways in which NASA and other organizations are trying to deal with and solve this problem.
Book
Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean
Plastic debris in the marine environment is widely documented, but the quantity of plastic entering the ocean from waste generated on land is unknown. By linking worldwide data on solid waste, population density, and economic status, we estimated the mass of land-based plastic waste entering the ocean. We calculate that 275 million metric tons (MT) of plastic waste was generated in 192 coastal countries in 2010, with 4.8 to 12.7 million MT entering the ocean. Population size and the quality of waste management systems largely determine which countries contribute the greatest mass of uncaptured waste available to become plastic marine debris. Without waste management infrastructure improvements, the cumulative quantity of plastic waste available to enter the ocean from land is predicted to increase by an order of magnitude by 2025.
Journal Article
What is space junk?
\"Every generation is filled with the wonder of what's out there beyond our planet, making space travel and exploration one of the most popular science topics of all time. But what happens to all that stuff we send up into outer space? Does it come back down to Earth or stay up there forever? This exciting, high-interest topic attracts even reluctant readers to read about STEAM topics. Fact boxes add extra information that's \"Out of this World!\" throughout the book. Each spread is complemented with vivid NASA photography.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
How Long Do Runoff‐Generated Debris‐Flow Hazards Persist After Wildfire?
Runoff‐generated debris flows are a potentially destructive and deadly response to wildfire until sufficient vegetation and soil‐hydraulic recovery have reduced susceptibility to the hazard. Elevated debris‐flow susceptibility may persist for several years, but the controls on the timespan of the susceptible period are poorly understood. To evaluate the connection between vegetation recovery and debris‐flow occurrence, we calculated recovery for 25 fires in the western United States using satellite‐derived leaf area index (LAI) and compared recovery estimates to the timing of 536 debris flows from the same fires. We found that the majority (>98%) of flows occurred when LAI was less than 2/3 of typical prefire values. Our results show that total vegetation recovery is not necessary to inhibit runoff‐generated flows in a wide variety of regions in the western United States. Satellite‐derived vegetation data show promise for estimating the timespan of debris‐flow susceptibility. Plain Language Summary Debris flows caused by excessive surface‐water runoff during intense rainfall can be a deadly and destructive hazard in mountainous areas after wildfire. In some cases, debris flows have only occurred in the burned area in the weeks to months after the fire, while, in other cases, debris flows occurred over several years. Though the recovery of vegetation is important for stabilizing sediment and reducing debris‐flow likelihood, uncertainty remains about how much recovery is needed to inhibit debris flows and about how much time is needed to reach this level of recovery. Knowing for how long debris flows are likely to be a hazard is important for managing risks to residents and infrastructure. To investigate this issue, we assembled a data set of 536 debris flows from the western United States and used satellite‐derived vegetation data to calculate the recovery condition of the burned area when each debris flow occurred. We found that the vast majority of the debris flows initiated when the burned area had not yet reached two‐thirds of its prefire vegetation condition. Burned areas that were slower to recover tended to experience debris flows over more protracted timescales. Key Points Majority (>98%) of western United States postfire debris flows occurred when leaf area index was less than 2/3 of typical prefire values Total recovery of vegetation not necessary to inhibit debris flows Remotely sensed postfire vegetation state useful to evaluate elevated debris‐flow susceptibility with time
Journal Article
Skyship Academy : crimson rising
When fifteen-year-old Jesse manages to smuggle onboard the Academy a mysterious red Pearl, a fragment of space debris that is a dying Earth's most important energy source, he sets forth a destructive chain of events.
Book
Exceptional and rapid accumulation of anthropogenic debris on one of the world’s most remote and pristine islands
In just over half a century plastic products have revolutionized human society and have infiltrated terrestrial and marine environments in every corner of the globe. The hazard plastic debris poses to biodiversity is well established, but mitigation and planning are often hampered by a lack of quantitative data on accumulation patterns. Here we document the amount of debris and rate of accumulation on Henderson Island, a remote, uninhabited island in the South Pacific. The density of debris was the highest reported anywhere in the world, up to 671.6 items/m² (mean ± SD: 239.4 ± 347.3 items/m²) on the surface of the beaches. Approximately 68% of debris (up to 4,496.9 pieces/m²) on the beach was buried <10 cm in the sediment. An estimated 37.7 million debris items weighing a total of 17.6 tons are currently present on Henderson, with up to 26.8 new items/m accumulating daily. Rarely visited by humans, Henderson Island and other remote islands may be sinks for some of the world’s increasing volume of waste.
Journal Article