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\"Unlike sleights of hand, which fool the senses, sleights of mind challenge cognition. This book defines and explains cognitive deception and explores six prominent potential historical instances of it: the Cross of King Arthur, Drake's Plate of Brass, the Kensington Runestone, the Vinland Map, the Piltdown Man, and the Shroud of Turin. In spite of evidence contradicting their alleged origins, their stories continue to persuade many of their authenticity. Peter Hancock uses these purported hoaxes as case studies to develop and demonstrate fundamental principles of cognitive psychology. By dissecting each ostensible artifact, he illustrates how hoaxes can deceive us and offers us defenses against them. This book further examines how and why we allow others to deceive us and how and why we even deceive ourselves at times. Accessible to beginner and expert alike, Hoax Springs Eternal provides an essential interdisciplinary guide to cognitive deception\"-- Provided by publisher.

In this book, Jeffrey Kottler and Jon Carlson turn their well-polished therapy microscopes onto the subjects of lying, falsehood, deceit, and the loss of trust in the counseling room. What do clients lie about and why? When do therapists mislead or withhold information from their clients? What does it all mean? In their exploration of this taboo material, the authors interview and share stories from dozens of their peers from all practice areas and modalities and ranging from neophytes to established master practitioners. Their stories and reflections cast some light on this fascinating topic and will help to start a more honest dialogue about difficult subject matter. Kottler, Carlson , What is Truth in Psychotherapy? Kottler , How Well do We Really Know Oue Clients? Carlson, Why I do What I do. Brooks, Treating Traditional Men: From Believer to Skeptic (And Back Again). Oren , Opportunities with a Side of Fries. Grzegorek , Smoke and Mirrors. Rosenthal , When Therapists Lie to Promote Their Own Agendas. Sperry , Duped, Drugged, and Eaten: Working with the Jeffrey Dahmers of the World. Dunham , The Client with Amnesia. O'Hanlon , Credit Denied and Denial. Hoyt , Never Ever - I Love You! Stevens , The Dance of Optimism and Skepticism. Helm , Grateful for the Lessons Learned. Burns , Cheating at Solitaire. Rochlen , What Clients Talk About - and What They Don't. Moore , Saving Private Joe. Dermer , Rita's Rib and a Puzzle Decoded. Ellis, Running out of Gas When You have a Long Way to Go. Vernon, Weighing in with the Truth. Barnett , Learning from Lies at the Therapist's School of Hard Knocks. Duncan , Cut the Crap: Tall Tales and the Value of Lies. Robey , The Terrible, Awful, Unspeakable Secret - and How it Changed Me. Barletta , Seduced by an Act of Omission. Zagelbaum , Too Much of a Good Thing. Eckstein, Managing Conflict Between Two Partners. Bitter, Mistakes Worth Enduring. Knaus , The Man who Tried too Hard to Act Cool. Peluso , I'm Not Easily Fooled. Nezu, Lost in a Quagmire of Agenda. Rabinowitz, Calling Jack's Bluff. Duba , A Puzzle with Missing Pieces. Reicherzer , The Transgender Women in the Pink Wheelchair. Krug, A Veil of Self-Deception. Waller, Clients Telling the Truth as They Know It. Stricker , I Still Wonder What Happened. Asha, In Defense of Naivety. Smith , The One Truth: He Didn't Want to be a Business Major. Fishman , Duped and Recouped. Walsh, Espionage and Orphans: Lies have Deep Truth. Niles , Fiction, Myth, and Illusions of Truth. Kottler, Carlson, What does being Duped Mena in the Practice of Psychotherapy? \"This collection makes fascinating reading, but more importantly provides rich material from which therapists can learn vicariously how to address deception in therapy. As is often the case, by addressing an issue we wish to avoid—here, deception in therapy— we learn. Don’t believe that clients don’t deceive us (as they do with others in their lives) and don’t avoid this book!\" – Bruce Wampold, PhD, ABPP, Professor of Counseling Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Author of The Great Psychotherapy Debate \"Want to discover the truth about deception in therapy? Jeffrey Kottler and Jon Carlson have collected a formable collection of old pros whose compelling prose sheds light on an important, but previously unexplored, subtext that permeates psychotherapy. Don't fool yourself: The roadmap to avoid being duped is contained within.\" – Jeffrey K. Zeig, PhD, Director, The Milton H. Erickson Foundation \"Kottler and Carlson boldly ask us to examine the many ways a falsehood can be a part of counseling. An entertaining tour de force of sessions filled with lies, con jobs, and outright deception, here we are reminded that clients and therapists are capable of saying anything with or without reason or truth value.\" – Bradford Keeney, PhD, Hanna Spyker Eminent Scholars Chair, University of Louisiana at Monroe; Author of The Creative Therapist: The Art of Awakening a Session \"Jeffrey Kottler and Jon Carlson suggest that all psychotherapists have been duped at one time or another... Duped serves as a real-life exploration of this deception, with each chapter presenting a case vignette from a practitioner who worked with a client who either lied through omission or explicitly committed a falsehood...Kottler and Carlson deserve recognition for tackling a subject that is taboo; deception in psychotherapy is rarely researched and seldom discussed. Furthermore, they explore the issue in a way that is thought provoking and fascinating to the reader. Duped is a useful tool for psychotherapists and clinicians in the helping professions at all experience levels, as it serves as an engaging yet humbling reminder that we will not always have access to all aspects of our clients' lives. The stories within it are so compelling that we suspect that a lay audience would enjoy this book as well.\" - Nancy Murdock and Larissa Seay, PsycCRITIQUES

Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies have been progressing constantly and being more visible in different aspects of our lives. One recent phenomenon is ChatGPT, a chatbot with a conversational artificial intelligence interface that was developed by OpenAI. As one of the most advanced artificial intelligence applications, ChatGPT has drawn much public attention across the globe. In this regard, this study examines ChatGPT in education, among early adopters, through a qualitative instrumental case study. Conducted in three stages, the first stage of the study reveals that the public discourse in social media is generally positive and there is enthusiasm regarding its use in educational settings. However, there are also voices who are approaching cautiously using ChatGPT in educational settings. The second stage of the study examines the case of ChatGPT through lenses of educational transformation, response quality, usefulness, personality and emotion, and ethics. In the third and final stage of the study, the investigation of user experiences through ten educational scenarios revealed various issues, including cheating, honesty and truthfulness of ChatGPT, privacy misleading, and manipulation. The findings of this study provide several research directions that should be considered to ensure a safe and responsible adoption of chatbots, specifically ChatGPT, in education.

As digital and remote research methods become more prevalent, the risk of fraudulent participants—individuals who deliberately misrepresent themselves to gain access to studies and associated incentives—has emerged as a significant challenge. These inauthentic participants threaten data validity, obscure treatment effects, and may lead to interventions being developed based on inaccurate representations of target populations. Despite the growing recognition of this issue, researchers have limited guidance on how to detect and respond to fraud when it occurs, particularly when committed by real people rather than automated systems. We present 3 case studies from our own research where participants engaged in deception to gain study incentives. We identify recurring patterns of behavior as “red” (clear signs of inauthenticity) and “yellow” (ambiguous behavior common among fraudulent participants) flags, describe how our team responded, and share lessons learned for future studies. This work aims to support researchers in identifying fraudulent participants more effectively, helping to ensure the validity and credibility of data collected in online research.

Evaluating digital interventions using remote methods enables the recruitment of large numbers of participants relatively conveniently and cheaply compared with in-person methods. However, conducting research remotely based on participant self-report with little verification is open to automated \"bots\" and participant deception. This paper uses a case study of a remotely conducted trial of an alcohol reduction app to highlight and discuss (1) the issues with participant deception affecting remote research trials with financial compensation; and (2) the importance of rigorous data management to detect and address these issues. We recruited participants on the internet from July 2020 to March 2022 for a randomized controlled trial (n=5602) evaluating the effectiveness of an alcohol reduction app, Drink Less. Follow-up occurred at 3 time points, with financial compensation offered (up to £36 [US $39.23]). Address authentication and telephone verification were used to detect 2 kinds of deception: \"bots,\" that is, automated responses generated in clusters; and manual participant deception, that is, participants providing false information. Of the 1142 participants who enrolled in the first 2 months of recruitment, 75.6% (n=863) of them were identified as bots during data screening. As a result, a CAPTCHA (Completely Automated Public Turing Test to Tell Computers and Humans Apart) was added, and after this, no more bots were identified. Manual participant deception occurred throughout the study. Of the 5956 participants (excluding bots) who enrolled in the study, 298 (5%) were identified as false participants. The extent of this decreased from 110 in November 2020, to a negligible level by February 2022 including a number of months with 0. The decline occurred after we added further screening questions such as attention checks, removed the prominence of financial compensation from social media advertising, and added an additional requirement to provide a mobile phone number for identity verification. Data management protocols are necessary to detect automated bots and manual participant deception in remotely conducted trials. Bots and manual deception can be minimized by adding a CAPTCHA, attention checks, a requirement to provide a phone number for identity verification, and not prominently advertising financial compensation on social media. ISRCTN Number ISRCTN64052601; https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN64052601.

PurposeThis study aims to establish a comprehensive understanding of the intricacies of how individuals engage with deepfakes, focusing on limiting adverse effects and capitalizing on their benefits.Design/methodology/approachThis study conducted a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies on deepfakes, incorporating study-specific analysis followed by a cross-study synthesis.FindingsBased on the meta-synthesis, the study developed an integrated conceptual framework based on the perspectives from the social shaping of technology theory embedding deepfake-related assertions, motivations, the subtleties of digital platforms, and deepfake-related repercussions.Research limitations/implicationsThe study offers crucial insights into the evolving nature of deepfakes as a socio-technical phenomenon and the significance of platform dynamics in deepfake production. It enables researchers to comprehend the cascading effects of deepfakes and positions them to evaluate deepfake-related risks and associated mitigation mechanisms.Practical implicationsThe framework that emerges from the study illustrates the influence of platforms on the evolution of deepfakes and assists platform stakeholders in introducing effective platform governance structures to combat the relentless proliferation of deepfakes and their consequences, as well as providing guidance for governments and policymakers to collaborate with platform leaders to set guardrails for deepfake engagement.Originality/valueDeepfakes have been extensively contested for both their beneficial and negative applications and have been accused of heralding an imminent epistemic threat that has been downplayed by some quarters. This diversity of viewpoints necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. In responding to this call, this is one of the first to establish a comprehensive, theoretically informed perspective on how individuals produce, process, and engage with deepfakes through a meta-synthesis of qualitative literature on deepfakes.

The author explores interactions with one research subject who feigns credentials and invents stories in order to participate in social science research interviews online. The possibility of intentional deception among interviewees in virtually mediated fieldwork is a critical consideration in the context of the recent extensive pivot to online-based fieldwork during the need for social distancing associated with the corona-virus disease 2019 pandemic. Following this rapid shift in what is generally accepted as the “gold standard” for social science research interviews, widespread use of online-based interviewing methods will likely endure as equivalent to in-person methods. A methodological case study with implications for virtually mediated fieldwork, this article highlights some of the advantages and disadvantages of virtually mediated interviews and provides practical suggestions.

To protect and promote the well-being of others, humans may bend the truth and behave unethically. Here we link such tendencies to oxytocin, a neuropeptide known to promote affiliation and cooperation with others. Using a simple coin-toss prediction task in which participants could dishonestly report their performance levels to benefit their group’s outcome, we tested the prediction that oxytocin increases group-serving dishonesty. A double-blind, placebo-controlled experiment allowing individuals to lie privately and anonymously to benefit themselves and fellow group members showed that healthy males (n = 60) receiving intranasal oxytocin, rather than placebo, lied more to benefit their group, and did so faster, yet did not necessarily do so because they expected reciprocal dishonesty from fellow group members. Treatment effects emerged when lying had financial consequences and money could be gained; when losses were at stake, individuals in placebo and oxytocin conditions lied to similar degrees. In a control condition (n = 60) in which dishonesty only benefited participants themselves, but not fellow group members, oxytocin did not influence lying. Together, these findings fit a functional perspective on morality revealing dishonesty to be plastic and rooted in evolved neurobiological circuitries, and align with work showing that oxytocin shifts the decision-maker’s focus from self to group interests. These findings highlight the role of bonding and cooperation in shaping dishonesty, providing insight into when and why collaboration turns into corruption.

This paper explores an event-triggered load frequency control (LFC) strategy for smart grids incorporating electric vehicles (EVs) under the influence of random deception attacks. The aggressive attack signals are launched over the channels between the sensor and controller, compromising the integrity of transmitted data and disrupting LFC commands. For the purpose of addressing bandwidth constraints, an event-triggered transmission scheme (ETTS) is developed to minimize communication frequency. Additionally, to mitigate the impact of random deception attacks in public environment, an integrated networked power grid model is proposed, where the joint impact of ETTS and deceptive interference is captured within a unified analytical structure. Based on this framework, a sufficient condition for stabilization is established, enabling the concurrent design of the H∞ controller gain and the triggering condition. Finally, two case studies are offered to illustrate the effectiveness of the employed scheme.

Greenwashing, the phenomenon of misleading stakeholders concerning the environmental sustainability efforts of a company, may undermine the trust of people to a company or to a whole industry and the progress toward sustainability. This paper provides an extensive Literature Review about the evolution of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) into Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) criteria and their relationship with the Greenwashing Phenomenon. It also examines the historical and regulatory contexts, causes, consequences and mitigation strategies of this phenomenon. By analyzing the market distortions and the environmental harm that may be linked to the Greenwashing Phenomenon, the study highlights the need for enhanced regulation, improved transparency and stakeholder vigilance. The methods employed in this paper include a thematic analysis of the literature and qualitative case study comparisons to derive insights into the multifarious impacts of greenwashing. Such case studies provided in this paper concern companies such as Volkswagen, Zara, Coca-Cola and BP.