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"Decision making Psychological aspects Case studies."
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Women's group therapy
\"...extremely interesting and enlightening. Each chapter's topics come alive and will be especially appealing to both profesional and lay readers. Dr. Maass cites relevant research that informs the reader in a very understandable way.\" - Jane Duckworth, PhD, Professor Emerita - Counseling Psychology, Ball State University Through the use of group therapy sessions, conducted within a cognitive-behavioral framework, the author explores the cultural, social and parental influences on women's lives. In-depth case studies and transcripts from the sessions illustrate the women's actual step-by step process in examining such issues as: self-determination, motherhood as fulfillment, the consequences of a two-career family, divorce, infidelity, competitiveness among women, and identifying sources of power within and outside of oneself.
eBook
Who fights for reputation : the psychology of leaders in international conflict
Keren Yarhi-Milo provides an original framework, based on insights from psychology, to explain why some political leaders are more willing to use military force to defend their reputation than others. Rather than focusing on a leader's background, beliefs, bargaining skills, or biases, Yarhi-Milo draws a systematic link between a trait called self-monitoring and foreign policy behavior. She examines self-monitoring among national leaders and advisers and shows that while high self-monitors modify their behavior strategically to cultivate image-enhancing status, low self-monitors are less likely to change their behavior in response to reputation concerns. Exploring self-monitoring through case studies of foreign policy crises during the terms of U.S. presidents Carter, Reagan, and Clinton, Yarhi-Milo disproves the notion that hawks are always more likely than doves to fight for reputation. Instead, Yarhi-Milo demonstrates that a decision maker's propensity for impression management is directly associated with the use of force to restore a reputation for resolve on the international stage. Who Fights for Reputation offers a brand-new understanding of the pivotal influence that psychological factors have on political leadership, military engagement, and the protection of public prestige.
Book
An extended EDAS approach based on cumulative prospect theory for multiple attributes group decision making with probabilistic hesitant fuzzy information
The Probabilistic Hesitant Fuzzy Sets (PHFS) based on the hesitant fuzzy sets has been paid great attention. Though numerous methods have been applied in this environment since the PHFS has been introduced, there are still new fields to be explored. The EDAS method which is the abbreviation of the evaluation based on distance from average solution is one of the practical methods in circumstances which is with contradictory attributes. Considering the uncertain character of the PHF condition and the psychological factors which influence decision makers’ behaviors such as the character and risk reference, the probabilistic hesitant fuzzy EDAS integrating with cumulative prospect theory (PHF-CPT-EDAS) is built for multiple attributes group decision making (MAGDM) problem. Meanwhile, the information of entropy is also utilized to calculate the unknown weighting vector of attributes. At last, we utilize two case studies to compare the designed method with other MADM methods. Through this article, we learn that the PHF-CPT-EDAS method is effective and stable to solve the MAGDM issues.
Journal Article
Disorders of compulsivity: a common bias towards learning habits
Why do we repeat choices that we know are bad for us? Decision making is characterized by the parallel engagement of two distinct systems, goal-directed and habitual, thought to arise from two computational learning mechanisms, model-based and model-free. The habitual system is a candidate source of pathological fixedness. Using a decision task that measures the contribution to learning of either mechanism, we show a bias towards model-free (habit) acquisition in disorders involving both natural (binge eating) and artificial (methamphetamine) rewards, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. This favoring of model-free learning may underlie the repetitive behaviors that ultimately dominate in these disorders. Further, we show that the habit formation bias is associated with lower gray matter volumes in caudate and medial orbitofrontal cortex. Our findings suggest that the dysfunction in a common neurocomputational mechanism may underlie diverse disorders involving compulsion.
Journal Article
Social participation in health – case studies from primary health care in Kosovo
Background
Participation and inclusion of service users in health governance impact the quality of care and citizen well-being. In developing countries, such as Kosovo, disadvantaged groups are particularly important due to deep exclusionary structures and multiple systemic barriers to participation and care provision.
Purpose
To investigate the effects of three interventions on social participation in decision-making in several primary healthcare sites among the population and particularly vulnerable groups, i.e. ethnic minorities of Roma, Ashkali, and Egyptian backgrounds, elderly citizens, and people with disabilities.
Methods
This study uses the consolidated framework of social participation and adapts it to Kosovo’s primary healthcare context. We analysed the degrees of inclusiveness, intensity, and influence across three interventions, i.e., social participation mechanisms implemented in four municipalities and related primary care networks in Kosovo. We applied an embedded multiple-case study design relying on qualitative data collection.
Results
Degrees of social participation within each case study ranged from low to moderate. Patient councils serve as representative mechanisms to consider patient complaints with an informative and liaising role. The community scorecard mechanism involves community representatives in decision-making processes, with varying levels of inclusiveness and participation intensity, effectively voicing their preferences and demands. The municipal health action plans process exhibits varying inclusiveness levels where community representatives wield decision-making influence.
Conclusion
The participation mechanisms examined in this study could sustain moderate social participation across inclusiveness, intensity, influence and impact domains. These shared platforms between service users and providers produce the most meaningful influence. The use of these mechanisms has a promise of increasing social participation in primary care settings in Kosovo.
Journal Article
Decomposing decision mechanisms in female substance use disorder: drift diffusion modeling of context-dependent biases in gain and loss processing
Background
Decision-making impairments are central to substance use disorder (SUD), particularly in evaluating immediate versus delayed outcomes. However, conventional behavioral analyses provide limited insight into underlying cognitive mechanisms. This study applies the Drift Diffusion Model (DDM) to investigate intertemporal decision-making in female SUD across both gain and loss contexts, addressing a significant gap in understanding context-dependent decision processes.
Methods
The study compared 100 females with opioid use disorder to 86 female controls using intertemporal choice tasks in both gain and loss contexts. Participants made choices between smaller-immediate and larger-delayed monetary options across varying magnitudes, delay lengths, and reward differences. Behavioral preferences were analyzed using delay discounting models, while cognitive mechanisms were examined using hierarchical drift diffusion modeling to extract decision parameters (drift rates, thresholds, bias, non-decision time).
Results
Behaviorally, the SUD group showed stronger preferences for immediate rewards in gain scenarios and stronger avoidance of immediate losses in loss scenarios compared to controls. Delay discounting analysis revealed significantly lower discount rates in the SUD group in loss contexts (
p
<.001). DDM analysis demonstrated that the SUD group exhibited lower decision thresholds across contexts, reflecting impulsive decision characteristics. Additionally, they showed lower drift rates in gain scenarios, indicating reduced sensitivity to non-substance rewards, but higher drift rates in loss scenarios, suggesting heightened sensitivity to negative outcomes. These decision patterns varied systematically with monetary and temporal parameters.
Conclusions
This study reveals distinct context-dependent decision biases in female SUD, characterized by computational signatures that differ markedly between gain and loss domains. These findings enhance our understanding of SUD-related decision mechanisms beyond traditional behavioral measures and suggest potential computational targets for individualized assessment and intervention approaches, though these clinical implications remain exploratory and require extensive validation before practical implementation.
Journal Article
From hashtags to ballots: Conceptualizing political influencers and evaluating their impact on election outcomes
Social media influencers have evolved beyond lifestyle content, with a new subset - political influencers - rising to prominence in shaping political discourse. This paper seeks to highlight important streams of literature for defining political influencers and examining their impact on elections. We provide guidelines for conceptualizing political influencers, offering key operational definitions and decisions for future studies. Using the 2021 German federal elections as a case study, we analyze the behavior of political influencers on Instagram, focusing on the blend of political and commercial content. Our analysis reveals that political influencers shift their focus from product promotion to political messaging and support or disapproval of political entities in the lead-up to the elections. Based on post-survey election data, we further assess the relevance of influencers for voting decisions, identifying individual characteristics, such as age, associated with following influencers. We find that approximately six percent of respondents found influencer-produced content helpful in determining their voting decisions. These insights shed light on the growing importance of political influencers in electoral dynamics, providing a foundation for further exploration of their long-term political impact.
Journal Article
Developing a localized resilience assessment framework for historical districts: A case study of Yazd, Iran
Growing natural and man-made disasters necessitate enhanced resilience in urban historical districts, vital for cultural heritage and tourism. This study aims to develop a localized assessment framework tailored to the unique characteristics of Yazd, Iran, a UNESCO World Heritage site known for its ancient architecture and cultural significance. By adapting and downscaling indicators from established DROP and BRIC models, we evaluated resilience across seven key dimensions and 17 criteria. Using advanced multi-criteria decision-making methods, including Delphi, Fuzzy DEMATEL, Fuzzy ANP, and VIKOR, we prioritized and ranked the historical districts based on their resilience scores. The results revealed that the social dimension and housing infrastructure are the most crucial factors for resilience. Environmental and institutional dimensions, while important, were found to be less critical in comparison. The VIKOR analysis identified specific districts with lower adaptability, requiring targeted interventions. These findings provide valuable information for policymakers and urban planners, offering a robust framework for enhancing urban historical district resilience. This study provides a context-specific approach to resilience assessment, emphasizing the need for tailored strategies to preserve and strengthen the resilience of culturally significant urban areas.
Journal Article