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According to the structural characteristics of the fixed-cylinder hydro-pneumatic suspension, the force transmission and the construction of the theoretical model were discussed. The non-linear correspondence of the force between the piston and the road wheel was clarified through analytical deduction, and the formula for calculating the stiffness of the suspension was given. The influence factors of suspension leverage ratio and elastic force were simulated and analysed by programming, the conclusions drawn provided ideas for the design of zero stiffness suspension near the equilibrium position.

The traditional \"forecast-response\" paradigm is facing significant practical challenges. For example, when different scenarios require different reaction mechanisms, the applicability of this method is weak since this paradigm describes the crisis itself from a macroperspective, neglecting analyzing emergency response measures from a microperspective. Hence, in this paper, the research paradigm will be shifting to \"scenario-response\" paradigm, which analyzes the impact of corresponding measures on events from a microscopic perspective. In 2021, an expected and torrential rainfall in Zhengzhou, Henan, China, causing caused 398 deaths and an estimated direct economic loss of 120.6 billion RMB. Accordingly, an empirical analysis was conducted for this heavy rain event to examine the intricate evolution of emergency response utilizing a constructed scenario Bayesian network. This network was constructed by fusing the knowledge meta-theory, scenario evolution and Dempster's rule of combination along with 362 relevant historical representative events, and it has the capability to identify the development of the various emergency events and fuse the assessments of different experts. The effects of each measure on the probability of response outcomes were analyzed in an event-driven Bayesian network. The counterfactual outcomes of the interventions were also explored through causal inference to determine the priority measures in the emergency response process. The similarity between each target scenario and each source scenario reached more than 0.7, among which the highest similarity reached 0.78. The evolutionary accuracy of the incident response process was examined by comparing the scenario similarity. The method proposed in this study can help as a theoretical basis for implementing the \"scenario response\" paradigm.

Event scenarios serve as the basis for emergency decision making after sudden disasters, and the accuracy of scenario deduction directly determines the effectiveness of emergency management implementation. On July 20, 2021, an exceptionally heavy rainstorm disaster occurred in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China, causing serious urban waterlogging, river floods, flash floods and landslides and resulting in major casualties and property losses:14.79 million people affected, 398 people killed or missing (380 people in Zhengzhou) and a direct economic loss of 120.06 billion RMB. In order to investigate the complex evolution process of this disaster, a dynamic Bayesian network, evidence theory and emotion update mechanism are integrated to develop an efficient and effective scenario deduction model, with an emphasis on combining subjective and objective factors. In this model, more attention is given to subjective factors such as decision makers' emotions. The elements of scenario deduction are classified into the situation status, meteorological factor, emergency activities, decision makers' emotions and emergency goals, the coupling relationship between the elements are comprehensively analyzed, and the influence of these elements on the evolution mechanism of the rainstorm disaster is investigated, so as to facilitate targeted emergency management measures for the rescue operations. The empirical results show that the proposed dynamic Bayesian network can effectively simulate the dynamic change process of scenario deduction, the improved Dempster–Shafer evidence theory can reduce the subjectivity of the model in dealing with the uncertainty of the evolution process, and the emotion update mechanism can adequately quantify and decrease the influence caused by the emotional changes of decision makers. The model may better replicate actual events, and it may apply to the scenario deduction of other disasters, making an impact on the study of sudden catastrophes.

It is a widespread claim in the literature that there does not exist an epistemic use of the modal verb mustn’t in English. Instead, the form can’t is said to fill the gap in the system. This paper shows that there is an epistemic use of mustn’t in Present-day English, investigates the contexts in which it appears and compares the use of epistemic can’t and mustn’t.

In this paper, normalization and magnification methods to maintain the calculating accuracy of CORDIC algorithm for small amplitude inputs are discussed, especially the overflowing boundaries are analyzed through mathematical deduction and the correctness has been proven by simulation. Finally, the FPGA implementations of different methods are conducted, which shows that the proposed magnification factor chosen scheme has an effective reduction on hardware resources consumption compared with the conventional normalization method.

Kant’s aim in the Transcendental Deduction is to prove that the a priori categories of the understanding necessarily apply to objects of experience. He claims that he will do this simply by explaining how they could so apply. But the idea that a mere explanation of this possibility should provide a defence of the categories’ actual (let alone necessary) applicability is surprising. We argue that it can be understood by attending to the source of the scepticism that the Critique ’s Analytic is supposed to overcome: Hume’s inability to explain causal knowledge in the Enquiry .

PurposeThis paper investigates whether China's R&D tax deduction policy triggers firms to manipulate their R&D expenditures upward.Design/methodology/approachThis paper employs the ratio of actual tax savings as a proxy for the benefits of the R&D tax deduction policy based on manually collected and systematically cross-checked data. The relationship between tax benefits and abnormal R&D spending is estimated in a sample of Chinese A-share listed companies for the period 2007–2018.FindingsThe findings suggest that tax deductions lead to positive abnormal R&D spending and that this deviation in R&D spending may be attributed to firms' upward R&D manipulation for tax avoidance. The results also indicate that this behavior is more significant for the period after the policy revision, in non-HNTEs (high and new technology enterprises), and in firms with a high ratio of R&D expenses.Research limitations/implicationsIt is difficult to establish a sophisticated and unified model to identify the specific strategy of upward R&D manipulation that firms use to obtain tax benefits.Practical implicationsManagers should take into account upward R&D manipulation when designing governance mechanisms. Policymakers in developing countries may further pursue preferential tax policies that cover every stage of innovation activities gradually; the local provincial governments need to leverage their proximity and flexibility advantages to develop a tax collection and administration system.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the understanding of the complex effect of R&D tax incentives and helps more fully illuminate firms' upward R&D manipulation behavior from the perspective of tax planning strategies, which are underexplored in previous research.

The transfer matrix method for multibody systems, namely the “Rui method”, is a new method for studying multibody system dynamics, which avoids the global dynamics equations of the system, keeps high computational speed, and allows highly formalized programming. It has been widely applied to scientific research and key engineering of lots of complex mechanical systems in 52 research directions. The following aspects regarding the transfer matrix method for multibody systems are reviewed systematically in this paper: history, basic principles, formulas, algorithm, automatic deduction theorem of overall transfer equation, visualized simulation and design software, highlights, tendency, and applications in 52 research directions in over 100 key engineering products.

The coloring theory of graphs is an important part of graph theory research. The key problem of the coloring theory of graphs is to determine the coloring number of each kind of coloring. Traditional coloring concepts mainly include proper vertex coloring, proper edge coloring, proper total coloring, and so on. In recent years, scholars at home and abroad have put forward some new coloring concepts, such as neighbor vertex distinguishing edge (total) coloring, and neighbor sum distinguishing edge (total) coloring, based on traditional coloring concepts and by adding other constraints. Some valuable results have been obtained, which further enrich the theory of graph coloring. For a proper [k] -edge coloring of a graph G, if for any adjacent vertex has a different sum of colors, then the coloring is a neighbor sum distinguishing [k] -edge coloring of G. For a proper [k] -total coloring of a graph G, if for any adjacent vertex has a different sum of colors, then the coloring is a neighbor sum distinguishing [k] -total coloring of G . In this paper, the coloring method and coloring index are determined by the process of induction and deduction and the construction of the dyeing method, and then the rationality of the method is verified by inverse proof and mathematical induction. If G is a simple graph with the order n ≥ 5 , and h n = ( H i ) i ∈1,2,…,n is a sequence of disjoint simple graphs, where every H i is a simple graph with the order m ≥ 7 . In this paper, we study the neighbor sum distinguishing edge(total) coloring of the generalized corona product G○h n of G and h n . The results are as follows: (1) If G is a path with order n , h n = ( H i ) i ∈1,2,…,n is an alternating sequence of path and cycle with order m . If n is odd, we have χ Σ ′ ( G ∘ h n ) = m + 3 (2) If G is a path with order n , h n = ( H i ) i ∈1,2,…,n is an alternating sequence of path and cycle with order m . If n is odd, we have χ Σ ′ ′ ( G ∘ h n ) = m + 4 Due to the late development of neighbor sum distinguishing edge (total) coloring of graphs, the related research results are relatively few. By studying the operation graph of a basic simple graph, we can provide the research basis and reference idea for the corresponding coloring of the general graph class. Therefore, it is of theoretical value to study the neighbor sum distinguishing edge (total) coloring problem of generalized corona products of graphs.

Research summary: Emerging markets are characterized by underdeveloped institutions and frequent environmental shifts. Yet, they also contain many firms that have survived over generations. How are firms in weak institutional environments able to persist over time? Motivated by 69 interviews with leaders of emerging market firms with histories spanning generations, we combine induction and deduction to propose reputation as a meta‐resource that allows firms to activate their conventional resources. We conceptualize reputation as consisting of prominence, perceived quality, and resilience, and develop a process model that illustrates the mechanisms that allow reputation to facilitate survival in ways that persist over time. Building on research in strategy and business history, we thus shed light on an underappreciated strategic construct (reputation) in an undertheorized setting (emerging markets) over an unusual period (the historical long run). Managerial summary: Why are some firms able to persistently survive in challenging, uncertain, and underdeveloped business environments? To explore this question, we analyze in‐depth interviews with leaders of emerging market firms that have survived over decades and even centuries. We find that firm reputation is a key strategic driver, and propose new ideas about the ways through which reputation facilitates survival. We elaborate how a favorable reputation allows a firm to more fully utilize its existing resources by decreasing uncertainty. We also propose that reputation has offensive and defensive properties that make it valuable to firms during both positive and negative economic cycles. Finally, we discuss why a reputation‐based source of competitive advantage is hard to imitate, and outline three general approaches for building reputation. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Video