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Procedures for controlling the false positive rate when performing many hypothesis tests are commonplace in health and medical studies. Such procedures, most notably the Bonferroni adjustment, suffer from the problem that error rate control cannot be localized to individual tests, and that these procedures do not distinguish between exploratory and/or data-driven testing vs. hypothesis-driven testing. Instead, procedures derived from limiting false discovery rates may be a more appealing method to control error rates in multiple tests. Controlling the false positive rate can lead to philosophical inconsistencies that can negatively impact the practice of reporting statistically significant findings. We demonstrate that the false discovery rate approach can overcome these inconsistencies and illustrate its benefit through an application to two recent health studies. The false discovery rate approach is more powerful than methods like the Bonferroni procedure that control false positive rates. Controlling the false discovery rate in a study that arguably consisted of scientifically driven hypotheses found nearly as many significant results as without any adjustment, whereas the Bonferroni procedure found no significant results. Although still unfamiliar to many health researchers, the use of false discovery rate control in the context of multiple testing can provide a solid basis for drawing conclusions about statistical significance.

A new method valid for highly dispersive and highly nonlinear water waves is presented. It combines a time-stepping of the exact surface boundary conditions with an approximate series expansion solution to the Laplace equation in the interior domain. The starting point is an exact solution to the Laplace equation given in terms of infinite series expansions from an arbitrary z-level. We replace the infinite series operators by finite series (Boussinesq-type) approximations involving up to fifth-derivative operators. The finite series are manipulated to incorporate Padé approximants providing the highest possible accuracy for a given number of terms. As a result, linear and nonlinear wave characteristics become very accurate up to wavenumbers as high as kh = 40, while the vertical variation of the velocity field becomes applicable for kh up to 12. These results represent a major improvement over existing Boussinesq-type formulations in the literature. A numerical model is developed in a single horizontal dimension and it is used to study phenomena such as solitary waves and their impact on vertical walls, modulational instability in deep water involving recurrence or frequency downshift, and shoaling of regular waves up to breaking in shallow water.

Recent exploration revealed the high potential for hydrocarbon in the deepwater sags, Pearl River Mouth Basin, northern South China Sea. This paper reports its Cenozoic sedimentary evolution through backstripping of high precision depth data of interpreted sequence boundaries. Local backstripping parameters were mapped based on well and geophysical data. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the reliability of decompaction results were largely improved by using the local porosity parameters and the lithological parameters that vary with grid nodes. Maps of sedimentation rates of 17 sequences from 65 Ma to the present were constructed, showing the spatial–temporal variation of the sedimentation rate. Three rapid depositional stages, 65–32, 29–23.3, 18.5–10.5 Ma, and three slow depositional stages, 32–29, 23.3–18.5, 10.5–0 Ma, were identified with abrupt changes of sedimentary patterns. The three rapid depositional stages were in accord with syn-rifting stage, the first post-rifting depositional stage, and the second post-rifting depositional stage, respectively. And the three slow depositional stages were in keeping with three tectonic events respectively. Several significant sedimentary discontinuities at 32, 23.3 and 10.5 Ma were observed and discussed. The comparison between the study area and the ODP Site 1148 at 32–23.3 Ma indicates that before ~29 Ma the ODP Site 1148 was at similar sedimentation regime as that in the Baiyun and Liwan sags, but significant diversity appeared after ~29 Ma, when a large quantity of terrigenous sediments was trapped by strong post-rifting subsidence in the Baiyun and Liwan sags and could not reach the lower slope areas. Study revealed that the most rapid accumulation from 18.5 to 17.5 Ma might be mainly owing to the large sediment supply during this strong monsoon period.

Separated olivine grains from a deeply subducted serpentinized wehrlite (Changawuzi in the western Tianshan ultrahigh-pressure belt, China) were analysed with unpolarized transmission FTIR and the Ti contents were determined using LA-ICP-MS. The major bands in the olivine spectra display striking similarities to Ti-clinohumite and are interpreted as OH in lamellae. The quantification of the water content in lamellae requires calibration of the IR-absorption for such bands. We have obtained a new absorption coefficient for Ti-clinohumite of 0.125+/−0.017 ppm cm 2 based on polarized FTIR measurements on three orthogonal sections through a large single crystal of Ti-clinohumite from Val Malenco, which has a known water content of 1.53 wt%. The resulting water content in olivine using this calibration factor ranges from 440 to 2,600 ppm and correlates positively with the Ti content that ranges from 130 to 1,400 ppm. For the quantification of the water content in Ti-chondrodite and Ti-clinohumite that are associated with olivine, we developed a new method using attenuated total reflectance FTIR spectroscopy. Ti-chondrodite and Ti-clinohumite display similar IR bands at ~3,562, 3,525 and ~3,583–3,586 cm −1 . As in olivine, the water content and Ti content correlate in both Ti-clinohumite and Ti-chondrodite, indicating an intergrowth of these minerals, which has been confirmed by TEM analyses. Our results confirm previous suggestions that there is a strong correlation between the Ti content of ultramafic rocks and their capacity to transport water to the deeper mantle in subduction zones beyond conditions where hydrous phases are stable.

In recent years, due to the reduction of oil resources, both on lands and in shallow waters, exploration and extraction of oil resources are played in deeper waters. Therefore, the need for appropriate structures suitable for deep waters is obvious. The semi-submersible platform is a specific type of such platforms which is used in deep waters. These platforms are utilized for different purposes such as drilling, exploration, extraction, loading and off-loading of petroleum products under the influence of external forces caused by wind, waves, current, etc. True understanding of the dynamical behavior of the semi-submersible platform in damaged condition can help designers to reduce the environmental hazards. Platform structural damage can be accompanied with the entry of water in the reservoirs of platforms which will lead to the change in platform stability and excessive increase in the platform movements. In this research, the AMIRKABIR semi-submersible platform is modeled in the Marine Engineering laboratory of the \"Sharif University of Technology\". The model scale was 1:143 and the environmental conditions of the Caspian Sea were considered the amount of water entering one of the pontoon reservoirs was set to follow that similarity scales. The model was installed in the flume tank using a spread mooring system. For the environmental conditions of the Caspian Sea, the platform was tested under both head and beam sea directions. The results of the conducted tests are represented by platform motion Response Amplitude Operators (RAOs).

In active rift basins, tectonism is extremely important for sequence stratigraphic patterns, affecting both the sequence architecture and internal makeup. Sequence stratigraphic framework of a Paleogene rift succession in Qiongdongnan Basin, northern South China Sea, was built using seismic profiles, complemented by well logs and cores. One first-order and three second-order sequences were identified on the basis of basin-scale unconformities, and seven third-order sequences are defined by unconformities along the basin margins and correlative conformities within the central basin. Through unconformity analysis and backstripping procedure, the Paleogene synrift tectonic evolution of deep- water area of Qiongdongnan Basin was proved to be episodic, which can be divided into rifting stage-I, rifting stage-II and rifting stage-III. Episodic rifting resulted in the formation of various types of struc- tural slope break belts, which controlled different architectures and internal makeup of sequences. This study enhances the understanding of the control of tectonic evolution on sequence stratigraphic pat- terns and establishes relevant patterns in a typical rift basin, and further proposes the favorable sand- stone reservoirs developing in different sequence stratigraphic patterns, which will be pretty helpful for subtle pool exploration in deepwater area of petroliferous basins.

The aim of this paper is to study anchor handling vessel (AHV) thrust capacity during anchor deployment, especially in a deep water situation when high external forces are expected. The focus is on obtaining realistic external forces and evaluating the positioning capability of an AHV. Wind, wave and current loads on the AHV are considered. Current load on the mooring line, which is usually excluded in practice, is included in the model as well. The thrust utilisation plot, a concept widely used in the Dynamic Positioning system, is proposed to illustrate the positioning capability of an AHV. The Bourbon Dolphin accident was investigated as a case study using the proposed model and methodology. First, load analysis was performed. The results indicated the importance of applying a reasonable current profile and taking the mooring line effect into account. Then, thrust utilisation plots for normal and accident conditions were compared. The comparison showed that the Bourbon Dolphin might have been in the most unfavourable weather direction in terms of position capability during the accident event. Finally, the effect of mooring line configuration was studied. The results signified that a very long mooring line might challenge the propeller thrust capacity and the propeller thrust loss due to lateral thrust usage needs to be considered. Such an analysis and documentation prior to the commencement of the operation can be used for defining vessel specific limitations and selecting the proper vessel for a specific task.

A Gram-stain negative, oval-shaped, aerobic, catalase and oxidase-positive bacterium, designated JLT2014ᵀ, was isolated from a deep-seawater sample (obtained at a 2,000 m depth) of the Southeastern Pacific Ocean. The dominant fatty acids were identified as C₁₈:₁ω7c/C₁₈:₁ω6c, C₁₆:₀ and C₁₀:₀ 3-OH, which altogether represented 60.1 % of the total. The predominant respiratory quinone was identified as Q-10. The G+C content of genomic DNA was determined to be 66.4 mol %. The major polar lipids were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine and diphosphatidylglycerol. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the novel isolate can be affiliated with the Roseobacter clade within the family Rhodobacteraceae. Strain JLT2014ᵀ exhibited highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity value to Pelagibaca bermudensis HTCC2601ᵀ (sequence similarity value: 97.6 %). The DNA–DNA relatedness value between strain JLT2014ᵀ and P. bermudensis HTCC2601ᵀ was 46.9 ± 2 %. Based on phenotypic properties and phylogenetic analysis, the name Pelagibaca abyssi sp. nov. is proposed, with JLT2014ᵀ(=LMG 27363ᵀ=CGMCC 1.12376ᵀ) as the type strain.