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"Defense research"
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Top secret science in the military
\"What isn't top secret in the military? Readers will be intrigued by the scientific ingenuity (past and present) brought about by wartime need, from field medicine innovations to weapons. A concluding chapter features \"tomorrow's secrets,\" or what military research is likely to yield in the future\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Assessment of Department of Defense Basic Research
The Department of Defense (DOD) supports basic research to advance fundamental knowledge in fields important to national defense. Over the past six years, however, several groups have raised concern about whether the nature of DOD-funded basic research is changing. The concerns include these: Funds are being spent for research that does not fall under DOD's definition of basic research; reporting requirements have become cumbersome and onerous; and basic research is handled differently by the three services. To explore these concerns, the Congress directed DOD to request a study from the National Research Council (NRC) about the nature of basic research now being funded by the Department. Specifically the NRC was to determine if the programs in the DOD basic research portfolio are consistent with the DOD definition of basic research and with the characteristics associated with fundamental research.
eBook
UKRAINE WAR: A NEW ERA FOR EUROPEAN DEFENCE RESEARCH?
By Ann Finkbeiner and Richard VAN NOORDEN Some time in the next decade, solar-powered European airships might hover 20 kilometres above battlefields, relaying crucial details about the movement of troops below. The EU's turn to defence In the past, the EU didn't invest in defence, let alone defence R&D. What is now the EU grew out of inter-country agreements after the Second World War to collectively manage the coal and steel industries, and more generally to promote peace and its member states' welfare - but not to defend them. [...]for decades, those countries had reduced their spending as they increasingly relied for their protection on the umbrella of NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the military alliance between European and North American states), partnership with the United States and the unlikelihood of war in Europe. The bottom line is that EU can do little in response to the invasion of Ukraine to increase its agreed defence R&D funding, because EU budgets are already set for 2021-27, and \"no one wants to reopen EU budget negotiations\", says Torben Schütz, associate fellow at the German Council on Foreign Relations, a Berlin-based think tank.
Journal Article
The Pentagon's brain : an uncensored history of DARPA, America's top secret military research agency
\"In this penetrating history of the Defense Department's most secret, most powerful, and most controversial military science R&D agency, Annie Jacobsen draws on inside sources, exclusive interviews, private documents, and declassified memos to paint a picture of \"the Pentagon's brain\" from its Cold War inception in 1958 to the present. This is the essential book on DARPA--a compelling narrative about the clandestine intersection of science and the American military and the often jaw-dropping, futuristic, and frightening results\"--Back cover.
BOOK
Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a model bacterium in antiphage defense research
Abstract
Bacteriophages, or phages, depend on their bacterial hosts for proliferation, leading to a coevolutionary relationship characterized by on-going arms races, where bacteria evolve diverse antiphage defense systems. The development of in silico methods and high-throughput screening techniques has dramatically expanded our understanding of bacterial antiphage defense systems, enormously increasing the known repertoire of the distinct mechanisms across various bacterial species. These advances have revealed that bacterial antiphage defense systems exhibit a remarkable level of complexity, ranging from highly conserved to specialized mechanisms, underscoring the intricate nature of bacterial antiphage defense systems. In this review, we provide a concise snapshot of antiphage defense research highlighting two preponderantly commandeered approaches and classification of the known antiphage defense systems. A special focus is placed on the model bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in antiphage defense research. We explore the complexity and adaptability of these systems, which play crucial roles in genome evolution and adaptation of P. aeruginosa in response to an arsenal of diverse phage strains, emphasizing the importance of this organism as a key emerging model bacterium in recent antiphage defense research.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a key model bacterium in antiphage defense research, based on its genomic adaptability and diversity, combined with a panel of diverse phage isolates.
Journal Article
The imagineers of war : the untold story of DARPA, the Pentagon agency that changed the world
The history of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the Pentagon agency that has quietly shaped war and technology for nearly sixty years. Founded in 1958 in response to the launch of Sputnik, the agency's original mission was to create \"the unimagined weapons of the future.\" Over the decades, DARPA has been responsible for countless inventions and technologies that extend well beyond the military. Sharon Weinberger gives us a riveting account of DARPA's successes and failures, its remarkable innovations, and its wild-eyed schemes. We see how the threat of nuclear Armageddon sparked investment in computer networking, leading to the Internet, as well as to a proposal to power a missile-destroying particle beam by draining the Great Lakes. We learn how DARPA was responsible during the Vietnam War for both Agent Orange and the development of the world's first armed drones, and how after 9/11 the agency sparked a national controversy over surveillance with its data-mining research. And we see how DARPA's success with self-driving cars was followed by disappointing contributions to the Afghanistan and Iraq wars. Weinberger has interviewed more than one hundred former Pentagon officials and scientists involved in DARPA's projects -- many of whom have never spoken publicly about their work with the agency -- and pored over countless declassified records from archives around the country, documents obtained under the Freedom of Information Act, and exclusive materials provided by sources.
Book
The protective performance of reusable cloth face masks, disposable procedure masks, KN95 masks and N95 respirators: Filtration and total inward leakage
Face coverings are a key component of preventive health measure strategies to mitigate the spread of respiratory illnesses. In this study five groups of masks were investigated that are of particular relevance to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: re-usable, fabric two-layer and multi-layer masks, disposable procedure/surgical masks, KN95 and N95 filtering facepiece respirators. Experimental work focussed on the particle penetration through mask materials as a function of particle diameter, and the total inward leakage protection performance of the mask system. Geometric mean fabric protection factors varied from 1.78 to 144.5 for the fabric two-layer and KN95 materials, corresponding to overall filtration efficiencies of 43.8% and 99.3% using a flow rate of 17 L/min, equivalent to a breathing expiration rate for a person in a sedentary or standing position conversing with another individual. Geometric mean total inward leakage protection factors for the 2-layer, multi-layer and procedure masks were <2.3, while 6.2 was achieved for the KN95 masks. The highest values were measured for the N95 group at 165.7. Mask performance is dominated by face seal leakage. Despite the additional filtering layers added to cloth masks, and the higher filtration efficiency of the materials used in disposable procedure and KN95 masks, the total inward leakage protection factor was only marginally improved. N95 FFRs were the only mask group investigated that provided not only high filtration efficiency but high total inward leakage protection, and remain the best option to protect individuals from exposure to aerosol in high risk settings. The Mask Quality Factor and total inward leakage performance are very useful to determine the best options for masking. However, it is highly recommended that testing is undertaken on prospective products, or guidance is sought from impartial authorities, to confirm they meet any implied standards.
Journal Article
Sociocultural Data to Accomplish Department of Defense Missions
Sociocultural Data to Accomplish Department of Defense Missions: Toward a Unified Social Framework summarizes presentations and discussions that took place on August 16-17, 2010, at a National Research Council public workshop sponsored by the Office of Naval Research. The workshop addressed the variables and complex interaction of social and cultural factors that influence human behavior, focusing on potential applications to the full spectrum of military operations.
The workshop's keynote address by Major General Michael T. Flynn, U.S. Army, provided critical context about the cultural situation and needs of the military operating in Afghanistan. Additional presentations were divided into four panels to address the diverse missions encountered by the U.S. military worldwide. The workshop concluded with a final panel to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of different methods of acquiring and using relevant data and knowledge to accomplish these missions. The panel topics and presenters are listed below:
Conflict Is Local: Mapping the Sociocultural Terrain David Kennedy, Hsinchun Chen, and Kerry Patton
Bridging Sociocultural Gaps in Cooperative Relationships Robert Rubinstein, Alan Fiske, and Donal Carbaugh
Building Partner Capacity with Sociocultural Awareness Jeffrey Sanchez-Burks and Shinobu Kitayama
The Art of Sociocultural Persuasion Jeanne Brett, James Dillard, and Brant R. Burleson
Tools, Methods, Frameworks, and Models Mark Bevir, Laura A. McNamara, Robert G. Sargent, and Jessica Glicken Turnley
eBook