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President Donald Trump said on June 25 that it was “terrible” that Spain is declining to increase its spending like other allies. He suggested he would seek to punish the country in ongoing trade negotiations.

President Donald Trump hailed pledges on June 25 by NATO leaders to significantly increase military spending. The alliance announced a new spending target — which requires each country to annually spend 5 percent on its defense by 2035.

The paper analyses role of military spending and number of military personnel in India and Pakistan in conflict mitigation. The paper finds that Pakistan’s military spending is a cause of deterrence from Indian hegemony in the region confirming the defence literature that puts the role of military as a strategic asset for a country. The paper also suggests that both democracy and economic development puts downward pressures on India and Pakistan hostilities however democracy is not a sufficient condition in itself to mitigate conflict. The innovation of the paper is that it constructs real proxies of conflict from the defence literature and utilizes defence spending in the analysis as a means to a peaceful resolution between bilateral issues within South Asian region.

House Republicans on Jan. 8 said negotiations over the House speaker would unify the conference, even as they expressed disagreements over key priorities.

This study investigates the causal effect relationship between defence spending, economic growth and development in three regions for the period 1990–2018. It further estimates the trivariate impacts of defence spending, growth and development in three regions. To measure growth, we used real gross domestic product as the proxy, while economic development was measured by the Human Development Index. The empirical results suggest the existence of a bidirectional long-run relationship between defence spending, economic growth and development in the entire sample and the three regions of sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East and North Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean countries. The causality results reveal that there is feedback causality between defence spending, economic growth and development. There is thus a need to promote holistic policies to reduce the defence spending necessary for the enhancement of inclusive economic growth and development in these three regions. A decrease in defence spending in the three regions will encourage aggregate output and the standard of living to increase, and move simultaneously in the same direction.