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Temporary book-tax differences (BTDs) serve as critical proxies for understanding corporate earnings management and tax planning. However, the drivers of large negative BTDs (LNBTDs)—where book income falls below taxable income—remain underexplored. This study investigates the determinants and components of LNBTDs, focusing on their relationship with deferred tax assets (DTAs) and liabilities (DTLs). Utilizing hand-collected data from the tax disclosures of S&P 500 firms’ 10-K filings (2007–2023), I analyze 4685 firm-year observations to identify specific accounting items driving LNBTDs. Findings reveal that deferred revenue, goodwill impairments, R&D, CapEx, environmental obligations, pensions, contingency liabilities, leases, and receivables are significant contributors, often generating substantial DTAs due to timing mismatches between book and tax recognition. Notably, high-tech industries, like the pharmaceutical, medical, and computers and software industries, exhibit pronounced LNBTDs, driven by upfront revenue recognition for tax purposes and deferred recognition for financial reporting, capitalization, amortization and depreciation effects, and other deferred tax components. Regression analyses confirm strong associations between these components and LNBTDs, with asymmetry in reversal patterns suggesting that initial differences do not always offset symmetrically over time. While prior research emphasizes large positive BTDs and tax avoidance, this study highlights economic and industry-specific characteristics as key LNBTD drivers, with limited evidence of earnings manipulation via deferred taxes. These insights enhance the value relevance of deferred tax disclosures and offer implications for reporting standards, tax policy, and research into BTD dynamics.

We assess the usefulness of deferred tax expense in detecting earnings management. Assuming greater discretion under GAAP than under tax rules, and assuming managers exploit such discretion to manage income upward primarily in ways that do not affect current taxable income, then such earnings management will generate book-tax differences that increase deferred tax expense. Our results provide evidence consistent with deferred tax expense generally being incrementally useful beyond total accruals and abnormal accruals derived from two Jones-type models in detecting earnings management to avoid an earnings decline and to avoid a loss. Only total accruals is incrementally useful in detecting earnings management to meet analysts' earnings forecasts. Deferred tax expense is more accurate than the accrual measures in classifying firm-years as successfully avoiding a loss, whereas no one measure is more accurate in classifying firm-years as avoiding an earnings decline or meeting analysts' forecasts.

Research Question- Do Brazilian publicly-controlled banks pay less taxes than privately-controlled banks? Motivation- Common sense in society might assume that there is a principal-agent conflict whereby publicly-controlled banks would pay less taxes than privately-controlled banks. At the same time, some of the people who work in these public banks might assume that there are more aggressive tax strategies being used by private banks that are not used by public banks. Idea- To assess whether Brazilian state-owned banks are less likely to engage in aggressive tax planning compared to their privately-controlled peers. Data- Observations were extracted from the financial statements of banks listed on the Brazilian stock exchange for the period 2012 to 2021 (balanced panel data). Tools- We performed multivariate regressions to identify whether the presence of state control explains the variation in effective tax rates. Three different effective tax rate formulas were used as proxies for tax aggressiveness, two of them based on revenue, the first consisting only of current income taxes and the second consisting of current and deferred income taxes, and a third proxy analyzing taxation on gross revenue. The estimations also included several control variables related to the banking sector.

This study empirically examines whether deferred taxes provide incremental information about future tax payments and explores whether the relationship is affected by whether and when the deferred tax accounts reverse. The analysis provides evidence that while deferred taxes do provide incremental information about future tax payments, the magnitude of the information is small. Further, consistent with theoretical predictions (Guenther and Sansing 2000, 2004; Dotan 2003) the analysis demonstrates there is an asymmetrical association between deferred taxes and future tax payments. For instance, deferred taxes associated with temporary differences that are included in GAAP income prior to taxable income are associated with future tax payments. In contrast, deferred taxes associated with temporary differences that are included in GAAP income after taxable income are not associated with future tax payments. Finally, the analysis provides evidence that growth in the deferred tax balances does not defer future tax payments.

Prior research has separately examined pretax earnings management activities that have current taxable income consequences (book-tax \"conforming earnings management\") and those that do not have current taxable income consequences (book-tax \"nonconforming earnings management\"). Our study documents the prevalence of, and then investigates the firm-specific characteristics that impact the choice between, these earnings management strategies. We utilize a sample of firms that restated their earnings downward due to accounting irregularities and thus can be presumed to have managed earnings upward. We find that nonconforming earnings management is more prevalent and that firms trade off the net present value of tax benefits against the net expected detection costs associated with nonconforming earnings management. In particular, firms having NOL carryforwards, using a high-quality auditor, or engaging in the most egregious misstatements rely less on nonconforming earnings management strategies. We also find that book-tax differences are useful in predicting restatements.

PurposeAn intractable effect of revenue and expense recognition based on tax regulation and accounting rules is unresolved and may be manageable only by reducing the value of deferred taxes. Therefore, in this study, the authors examined the relationship between the International Accounting Standard 12 (IAS 12) and deferred income taxes associated with tax and accounting rules.Design/methodology/approachThe authors used a large sample of balanced data from 144 firms across 1992–2019. To mitigate the problem of superfluous results, the authors used the same number of firms and years for pre- and post-IAS 12 periods. The authors employed robust econometric estimations to establish the impact of IAS 12 on deferred tax.FindingsThe regression results show that deferred tax assets decreased significantly, whereas deferred tax liabilities increased significantly, in the post-IAS 12 period. These contrasting results imply that IAS 12 implementation has increased conservatism and prudence in financial reporting. However, the authors find that the increase in deferred tax assets post-IAS 12 is value destructive, suggesting that its implementation has unintended consequences. The results are robust to alternative measurements and econometric identification strategies.Originality/valueWhile prior studies have explored topics such as deferred tax measurement and the impact of income and expense recognition, the authors specifically analyzed how IAS 12 affects deferred taxes and their effect on the market valuation. The authors find that certain accounting standards may not be relevant to the capital market.

This study examines the effects of the adoption of International Accounting Standards No. 12, Income Taxes (IAS No. 12) on the incremental information about future profitability for firms reporting losses compared to Korean Generally Accepted Accounting No. 16, Accounting for Income Taxes (K-GAAP No. 16). Specifically, this paper shows that whether the IAS No. 12 affects the information of deferred tax assets (DTAs) regarding loss persistence which implies the ability to predict earnings sustainability. Using a sample of 2,905 observations from Korean listed firms that reported a loss between 2007 and 2014, we divide loss firm-years into categories of ‘good news’ (GN) or ‘bad news’ (BN) based on whether management appears to report an increase in DTAs. We find that our tax categories have incremental information about the probability of loss reversal under K-GAAP No. 16, but under IAS No. 12 the incremental effects of a deferred tax balance disappear. Also, we find that investors underweight the informativeness of DTAs under K-GAAP, and after the adoption of IAS No. 12, investors cannot obtain buy-and-hold returns by buying GN firm-years and selling BN firms-years. However, this is not because investors understand the information of DTAs, but because the informativeness of DTAs deteriorates after the relaxation in the recognition threshold of DTAs.

Li, Y., 2020. The fuzzy evaluation method of coastal enterprise's assets based on EVA evaluation model. In: Guido Aldana, P.A. and Kantamaneni, K. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources, Coastal Management, and Marine Science Technology. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 104, pp. 266–270. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. As a comprehensive asset evaluation, enterprise value evaluation is a process of judging and estimating the overall economic value. However, with the continuous development of market economy, modern society has put forward more and more requirements for enterprise value evaluation theory. This paper proposes a fuzzy evaluation method for coastal enterprise's assets based on EVA model. The EVA valuation model is constructed by data variables, the model variable data is analyzed, and the variable analysis results of the valuation model are compared with other valuation models. Based on the three commonly used valuation methods of original value valuation, replacement value valuation and discount value valuation, as well as cost evaluation method, production capacity depreciation method, cost-benefit method and replacement value method, the fuzzy method theory and comprehensive evaluation method are adopted to realize the assets evaluation of coastal enterprises. The experimental results show that the proposed method is highly applicable and can accurately evaluate the assets of coastal enterprises.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of income and property taxes on property assets through the application of fair value accounting and deferred income tax standards. Design/methodology/approach This approach is based on the whole life costing model that accounts for the initial expenses, operation and maintenance costs, future revenues, and residual value. Findings Formulating a step-by-step accounting procedure based on fair valuation and temporary differences in taxation, this paper shows the existence of the Laffer curve and thus elucidates the economic effect of the taxes and fully discloses the asset’s fair value. The optimal taxation rate is lower when a property tax and an income tax are both present, as the the marginal gain from both taxes is constantly decreasing, due to the changes in the fair value of the asset, and even has a negative effect in the case of the income tax. Practical implications Accounting techniques, which combine market-based assumptions, financial valuation techniques based on discounted fair value models, and standard International Financial Reporting Standards disclosures, prove to be an unbiased proxy for the optimal taxation rate. Originality/value This study demonstrates a practical tool for policy makers who are trying to define macroeconomic policies on property taxation. Moreover, this approach can be used as an evaluation model for individual investors who wish to measure the future prospects from a property investment under taxation uncertainties.

In the days of today's economy, we can say that a company is performing well when it produces finished products or provides high-quality services at an affordable price. For any company, the purchase of fixed assets that meet the above requirements is an effort. The calculation and reflection of depreciation is an important activity because it helps to determine the cost of production obtained. The present article provides a brief presentation of the concepts of accounting depreciation and fiscal depreciation as well as the differences between them.