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Islamist Terrorism and Democracy in the Middle East
What were the reasons behind the terrorist attacks of September 11th? Does the cause of Islamist terrorism relate to the lack of democracy in the Middle East? Through detailed research into the activities of both radical and moderate organizations across the Middle East, such as the Muslim Brotherhood, Hamas and Hizbullah, and via interviews with key personnel, Katerina Dalacoura investigates whether repression and political exclusion pushed Islamist entities to adopt terrorist tactics. She also explores whether inclusion in the political process has had the opposite effect of encouraging Islamist groups toward moderation and ideological pragmatism. In a challenge to the conventional wisdom, she concludes that Islamist terrorism is not a direct consequence of authoritarianism in the Middle East and that there are many key factors that generate radicalism.
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Negotiating change : the new politics of the Middle East
The Middle East is frequently portrayed as a collection of stubbornly authoritarian states, whose behaviour can only be changed by the table-thumping or even the military intervention of the US government. But as Jeremy Jones uncovers in this fascinating book, the region is in fact engaged in a profound and tumultuous process of political change. The movements seeking democracy and reform that have emerged are rooted in local cultures and political traditions. And because of this, they are overlooked, obstructed, or even undermined by the US's pursuit of a one-size-fits-all Western democratic model. -- Publisher description.
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Freedom's Unsteady March: America's Role in Building Arab Democracy
Dissects the Bush administration's failure to advance freedom in the Middle East. Lays out a strategy for committed U.S. promotion of democracy, arguing that only development of a more liberal and democratic politics in the Arab world can create a firmer foundation for Arab-American ties and secure U.S. long-term goals.
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Routledge Handbook of Citizenship in the Middle East and North Africa
This comprehensive Handbook gives an overview of the political, social, economic and legal dimensions of citizenship in the Middle East and North Africa from the nineteenth century to the present.
The terms citizen and citizenship are mostly used by researchers in an off-hand, self-evident manner. A citizen is assumed to have standard rights and duties that everyone enjoys. However, citizenship is a complex legal, social, economic, cultural, ethical and religious concept and practice. Since the rise of the modern bureaucratic state, in each country of the Middle East and North Africa, citizenship has developed differently. In addition, rights are highly differentiated within one country, ranging from privileged, underprivileged and discriminated citizens to non-citizens. Through its dual nature as instrument of state control, as well as a source of citizen rights and entitlements, citizenship provides crucial insights into state-citizen relations and the services the state provides, as well as the way citizens respond to these actions.
This volume focuses on five themes that cover the crucial dimensions of citizenship in the region:
Historical trajectory of citizenship since the nineteenth century until independence
Creation of citizenship from above by the state
Different discourses of rights and forms of contestation developed by social movements and society
Mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion
Politics of citizenship, nationality and migration
Covering the main dimensions of citizenship, this multidisciplinary book is a key resource for students and scholars interested in citizenship, politics, economics, history, migration and refugees in the Middle East and North Africa.
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The Struggle over Democracy in the Middle East
Many residents of the Middle East - and more recently, Western powers - have placed great hope in democratization in the region. Yet authoritarianism remains the norm and movement towards democracy is both slow and uneven.
The Struggle over Democracy in the Middle East examines democracy and democratization in the light of regional realities rather than the wishful thinking of outsiders. Specialists from the region analyze democratic prospects in the region, while accomplished scholars from the United States and the United Kingdom analyze Western policy, providing a wide-ranging survey of the efforts of individual countries and the effect of external influences. Addressing themes including sectarianism, culture, religion, security and the promotion of democracy, the book examines the experiences of activists, political parties, religious groups and governments and highlights the difficulties involved in bringing democracy to the Middle East. Providing a multifaceted approach to the issue of democratization, this book will be a valuable reference for courses on Middle Eastern politics, political science and democracy.
1. Introduction Nathan J. Brown and Emad El-Din Shahin Part 1: The View From Outside: External Efforts at Democracy Promotion 2. New Wine in Old Bottles? American Efforts to Promote Democracy in the Arab World Nathan J. Brown and Amy Hawthorne 3. Democracy and Security in the Middle East Richard Youngs 4. The Fantasy of Arab Democracy without a Constituency Walid Kazziha 5. Democracy and Faith: The Continuum of Political Islam Azza Karam Part 2: Country Studies 6. Transformations in Eastern Europe and Lessons for the Middle East Shlomo Avineri 7. Democratic Transformation in Egypt: Controlled Reforms … Frustrated Hopes Emad El-Din Shahin 8. The Myth of the Democratizing Monarchy Shadi Hamid 9. Democracy in Lebanon: The Primacy of the Sectarian System Bassel Salloukh 10. Democracy, Islam and Secularism in Turkey Ersin Kalaycioglu 11. Conclusion Nathan J. Brown and Emad El-Din Shahin
Nathan J. Brown is a Professor of Political Science and International Affairs at the George Washington University, where he is the director of the Institute for Middle East Studies. He also serves as a Non-resident Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Emad El-Din Shahin is a Visiting Associate Professor in the Department of Government at Harvard University; faculty affiliate at the Kennedy School of Government, the Dubai Initiative; and Associate Professor at the Political Science Department at the American University in Cairo.
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Regional security dialogue in the Middle East : changes, challenges and opportunities
\"At this time of considerable political turmoil in the Middle East, with little progress observable in the Arab-Israeli peace process and Iran's continuing pursuit of a nuclear program, there is a pressing need to explore alternative frameworks for regional security. The book discusses the Helsinki Process as one potentially relevant historical model to learn from. The Helsinki Process began in a divided Europe in the early 1970s and, over 40 years, achieved major successes in promoting cooperation between the Warsaw Pact and NATO member states on social, human rights, security, and political issues. In this volume, established Middle East experts, former diplomats, and emerging scholars assess the regional realities from a broad range of perspectives and, with the current momentum for reform across the Middle East, chart a path towards a comprehensive mechanism that could promote long-term regional security. Providing a gamut of views on regional threat perception and suggesting ways forward for regional peace, this book is essential reading for students and scholars with an interest in Politics, the Middle East and Conflict Studies\"-- Provided by publisher.
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Temptations of power : Islamists and illiberal democracy in a new Middle East
In 1989, Francis Fukuyama famously announced the \"end of history.\" The Berlin Wall had fallen; liberal democracy had won out. But what of illiberal democracy--the idea that popular majorities, working through the democratic process, might reject gender equality, religious freedoms, and other norms that Western democracies take for granted? Nowhere have such considerations become more relevant than in the Middle East, where the uprisings of 2011 swept the Muslim Brotherhood and other Islamist groups to power. In Temptations of Power, Shadi Hamid draws on hundreds of interviews with leaders and activists from across the region to advance a new understanding of how Islamist movements change over time. He puts forward the bold thesis that repression \"forced\" Islamists to moderate their politics, work in coalitions, de-emphasize Islamic law, and set aside the dream of an Islamic state. Meanwhile, democratic openings in the 1980s--and again during the Arab Spring--pushed Islamists back toward their original conservatism. With the uprisings of 2011, Islamists found themselves in an enviable position, but one for which they were unprepared. Groups like the Brotherhood combine the features of both political parties and religious movements, leading to an inherent tension they have struggled to resolve. However pragmatic they may be, their ultimate goal remains the Islamization of society. When the electorate they represent is conservative as well, they can push their own form of illiberal democracy while insisting they are carrying out the popular will. This can lead to overreach and significant backlash. Yet, while the Egyptian coup and the subsequent crackdown were a devastating blow for the Islamist \"project,\" obituaries of political Islam are premature. As long as the battle over the role of religion in public life continues, Islamist parties in countries as diverse as Egypt, Tunisia, and Jordan will remain an important force whether in the ranks of opposition or the halls of power. But what are the key factors driving their evolution? A timely and provocative reassessment, Hamid's account serves as an essential compass for those trying to understand where the region's varied Islamist groups have come from and where they might be headed.
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