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The study aims to answer the following question: Does using different measures to assess population ageing lead to the same conclusions? The study evaluates the advancement of ageing in mainland China using selected conventional measures based on chronological age and the prospective age measures in which changes in life expectancy are considered. The conventional oldage dependency ratio and the prospective old-age dependency ratio, as well as the conventional median age and the prospective median age were calculated and compared in two versions. Conventional measures reveal a very unfavourable trends in China’s population ageing and indicate that a faster increase in life expectancy leads to a faster population ageing. Prospective measures show a more moderate increase resulting from longer life expectancy. The use of both, conventional and prospective measures provide a more accurate understanding of ageing, which is essential for effective policy and social planning.

Hong Kong SAR's population is aging rapidly. This paper concludes that, without a change in policies, aging could adversely affect growth and living standards. While higher labor productivity growth and increased migration of younger skilled workers from the Chinese mainland, would attenuate the economic impact of aging, they would not offset it fully. Aging will also put pressure on public finances, particularly as a result of rising health care costs. There is a relatively narrow window of opportunity to implement policies to lessen the impact of aging, given that the demographic effects could start setting in as early as 2015 when the working population's support ratio peaks. In recent years, the Hong Kong SAR authorities have been focusing on policies that could help limit the fiscal impact of aging, including continued expenditure restraint on non-age-sensitive areas, reform of health care financing (including introducing private health insurance system), and tax reforms.

We describe the historical change in distribution of snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus), a genus which includes 3 of the 4 endemic primate species in China, from the Qing Dynasty (1616) to 2001. The monkeys were once widely distributed in south, southwest and central China, and in two provinces in northwest China (Gansu and Shaanxi). Unfortunately, most of their populations in the plains and in some mountainous regions have vanished. Today, extant groups occur only in isolated mountainous regions with an altitude ≤4,500 m above sea level. The dramatic diminution is closely related to social and natural events, which occurred in China during the last 400 years. 1) the rapidly increasing density of human beings, especially during the twentieth century; 2) wars, especially in the first half of the 20th century; 3) deteriorating environments and accelerated deforestation and 4) hunting monkeys for food, medicinal and economic purposes.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]

Pauvreté généralisée causée par la surpopulation, familles nombreuses et nécessiteuses, croissance démographique irrépressible, absence, avant les politiques de Mao, de tout contrôle des naissances... les pré ju gés au sujet de la Chine ont la vie dure. Ce livre, d’entrée de jeu, attaque les idées reçues sur la population chinoise, idées pour la plupart héritées des vieilles thèses malthusiennes datant du début du XIXe siècle. Surpeuplement, misère, fécondité, mariage... tout est ici remis en question. Les auteurs abordent le phénomène de la popula tion chinoise sur plusieurs fronts, réussissant ainsi à en don ner une vision globale. Ils mettent dans une nouvelle lumière l’explosion démographique des années 1960-1975, où la population passa de 600 millions à près de 850 millions, puis les débuts du contrôle des naissances jusqu’à la politique de l’enfant unique en vigueur depuis 1985. Ils renouvellent ainsi notre com préhension non seulement de la démographie de la Chine, mais aussi de son histoire, de sa société et de son économie.Et comprendre la Chine aujourd’hui, c’est mieux comprendre le monde que nous habitons. James Z. Lee est professeur d’histoire et de sociologie à la Uni ver sity of Michigan. Wang Feng est professeur au Département de sociologie de la University of California, Irvine. Z. Traduit de l'anglais par Charles Le Blanc

China's \"one-child policy\" is hailed as the world's most effective overpopulation control policy. It has been so effective, in fact, Chinese population officials now fear their country will lack sufficient numbers of adult children to care for aging parents, the nation may lack the resources to provide other services for its burgeoning elderly population, and a skewed sex ratio--where men increasingly outnumber women--will lead to anti-social behavior among unmarried and socially unconnected men. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT

\"The United States' population is growing at the rate of almost 1 percent per year, thanks in part to immigration and its secondary effects. Not only does the United States accept more legal immigrants as permanent residents than the rest of the world combined, but these recent arrivals tend to have more children than established residents until, as their descendants attain affluence and education, the birthrates of these Americans also drop below replacement levels. Overall--that is, counting both immigrants and the native-born--the United States has a replacement rate of 2.03. Nearly half of the nation's children under 5 belong to a racial or ethnic minority. The face of the future is already in our schools: our kindergartens now prefigure the country as a whole, circa 2050--a place where non-Hispanic whites are a slight majority.\" (Smithsonian) In this essay, Joel Garreau contemplates the significance of the U.S. Census Bureau prediction that the population of the United States will reach 300 million in October 2006. The impact of \"the enormous wave of immigrants coming to the United States\" is examined.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is straining public health systems worldwide, and major non-pharmaceutical interventions have been implemented to slow its spread 1 – 4 . During the initial phase of the outbreak, dissemination of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was primarily determined by human mobility from Wuhan, China 5 , 6 . Yet empirical evidence on the effect of key geographic factors on local epidemic transmission is lacking 7 . In this study, we analyzed highly resolved spatial variables in cities, together with case count data, to investigate the role of climate, urbanization and variation in interventions. We show that the degree to which cases of COVID-19 are compressed into a short period of time (peakedness of the epidemic) is strongly shaped by population aggregation and heterogeneity, such that epidemics in crowded cities are more spread over time, and crowded cities have larger total attack rates than less populated cities. Observed differences in the peakedness of epidemics are consistent with a meta-population model of COVID-19 that explicitly accounts for spatial hierarchies. We paired our estimates with globally comprehensive data on human mobility and predict that crowded cities worldwide could experience more prolonged epidemics. Analysis of spatial heterogeneity of crowding in China and Italy, together with COVID-19 case data, show that cities with higher crowding have longer epidemics and higher attack rates after the first epidemic wave.

In the face of rapidly changing data, a range of case fatality ratio estimates for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been produced that differ substantially in magnitude. We aimed to provide robust estimates, accounting for censoring and ascertainment biases. We collected individual-case data for patients who died from COVID-19 in Hubei, mainland China (reported by national and provincial health commissions to Feb 8, 2020), and for cases outside of mainland China (from government or ministry of health websites and media reports for 37 countries, as well as Hong Kong and Macau, until Feb 25, 2020). These individual-case data were used to estimate the time between onset of symptoms and outcome (death or discharge from hospital). We next obtained age-stratified estimates of the case fatality ratio by relating the aggregate distribution of cases to the observed cumulative deaths in China, assuming a constant attack rate by age and adjusting for demography and age-based and location-based under-ascertainment. We also estimated the case fatality ratio from individual line-list data on 1334 cases identified outside of mainland China. Using data on the prevalence of PCR-confirmed cases in international residents repatriated from China, we obtained age-stratified estimates of the infection fatality ratio. Furthermore, data on age-stratified severity in a subset of 3665 cases from China were used to estimate the proportion of infected individuals who are likely to require hospitalisation. Using data on 24 deaths that occurred in mainland China and 165 recoveries outside of China, we estimated the mean duration from onset of symptoms to death to be 17·8 days (95% credible interval [CrI] 16·9–19·2) and to hospital discharge to be 24·7 days (22·9–28·1). In all laboratory confirmed and clinically diagnosed cases from mainland China (n=70 117), we estimated a crude case fatality ratio (adjusted for censoring) of 3·67% (95% CrI 3·56–3·80). However, after further adjusting for demography and under-ascertainment, we obtained a best estimate of the case fatality ratio in China of 1·38% (1·23–1·53), with substantially higher ratios in older age groups (0·32% [0·27–0·38] in those aged <60 years vs 6·4% [5·7–7·2] in those aged ≥60 years), up to 13·4% (11·2–15·9) in those aged 80 years or older. Estimates of case fatality ratio from international cases stratified by age were consistent with those from China (parametric estimate 1·4% [0·4–3·5] in those aged <60 years [n=360] and 4·5% [1·8–11·1] in those aged ≥60 years [n=151]). Our estimated overall infection fatality ratio for China was 0·66% (0·39–1·33), with an increasing profile with age. Similarly, estimates of the proportion of infected individuals likely to be hospitalised increased with age up to a maximum of 18·4% (11·0–37·6) in those aged 80 years or older. These early estimates give an indication of the fatality ratio across the spectrum of COVID-19 disease and show a strong age gradient in risk of death. UK Medical Research Council.