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The paper shows the isolated discovery of an important Iberian denarius from northem Portugal. The coin is characterized by being covered or a fake coin of the period and presenting an imitative art from Turiasu. Several reflexions and new numismatic material about the covered denarii, imitatives, hybrids and brockages also offered.

A number of coins issued during the years 49–44 had on them an additional legend, a trend which had been developing in the preceding fifty years, but which was used much more extensively by Caesar's moneyers. The legends (with two exceptions) all refer to recognised ‘qualities’, which had temples and cults established in the Roman community. The coin types, particularly in the opening years of the civil war between Caesar and Pompeius, were issued in very large numbers, suggesting that they were not only used to pay the troops whom Caesar had already and those he was recruiting, but also that they were put into general circulation. The qualities emphasised on the coins indicate Caesar's programmatic ideology, and the number issued shows that he wished to circulate this ideology widely. The additional legends can be taken therefore to be ‘slogans’, a form of propaganda for Caesar's aims. The two exceptions were Pax and Clementia, but there is evidence to suggest that a cult and temple were planned for each of these.

The article is devoted to the interpretation of a 16th-17th century burial of a woman discovered in Inowrocław, who had a medallion made from a Trajanic denarius (RIC 6) placed around her neck. In one of the publications of this find it was stated that the owner wore the medal because she believed that it depicted the head of St. John the Baptist. According to written sources from the 16th and 17th centuries, the people in Poland called the Roman coins they found Saint John’s heads. In this article, such an interpretation is considered plausible, but it is not the only one. It is also possible that the medal was considered a beautiful item no matter what it depicted.

Hoards of denarii are common in Britain and the number which have been recorded in detail means that it is now possible to suggest reasonably accurately what a ‘normal’ hoard of a particular date should look like. That being the case, we can then look for variation around that norm and both investigate and speculate what that variation means. A methodology is developed which suggests periods of faster and less rapid coin circulation which has implications for consideration of monetisation. The model also enables us to view where denarii entered circulation; unsurprisingly the army looms large in this picture. The methodology is directly transferable to other provinces and other periods where there are long-lived, relatively stable monetary systems.

The quality of life for ordinary Roman citizens at the height of the Roman Empire probably was better than that of any other large group of people living before the Industrial Revolution.The Roman Market Economyuses the tools of modern economics to show how trade, markets, and the Pax Romana were critical to ancient Rome's prosperity. Peter Temin, one of the world's foremost economic historians, argues that markets dominated the Roman economy. He traces how the Pax Romana encouraged trade around the Mediterranean, and how Roman law promoted commerce and banking. Temin shows that a reasonably vibrant market for wheat extended throughout the empire, and suggests that the Antonine Plague may have been responsible for turning the stable prices of the early empire into the persistent inflation of the late. He vividly describes how various markets operated in Roman times, from commodities and slaves to the buying and selling of land. Applying modern methods for evaluating economic growth to data culled from historical sources, Temin argues that Roman Italy in the second century was as prosperous as the Dutch Republic in its golden age of the seventeenth century. The Roman Market Economyreveals how economics can help us understand how the Roman Empire could have ruled seventy million people and endured for centuries.

Many historical processes exhibit recurrent patterns of change. Century-long periods of population expansion come before long periods of stagnation and decline; the dynamics of prices mirror population oscillations; and states go through strong expansionist phases followed by periods of state failure, endemic sociopolitical instability, and territorial loss. Peter Turchin and Sergey Nefedov explore the dynamics and causal connections between such demographic, economic, and political variables in agrarian societies and offer detailed explanations for these long-term oscillations--what the authors call secular cycles.

The author begins this chapter by discussing the reasons why coins of the Republican period are found in archaeological strata, and uses and problems of using coins to date strata, and in so doing, explores the different ways that numismatists can define the date the coin was issued. Then, the author explores how coins were used, including a particular method of use, in hoarding. Finally, the author ends the chapter with a case study, the introduction of the Iberian denarius, to sketch out the ways excavated coins are combined with history, epigraphy and numismatic studies to provide both questions and answers about the Roman world during the Republican period.

There were concerns about [Denarius Moore]'s viability as a fantasy option heading into the regular season -- partially as a result of multiple deficiencies within Oakland's offense, and also due to Moore's past inconsistencies. But he is firmly established as the team's primary receiving weapon. His 34 targets are 12 more than any other Raider. That includes the team-high eight he received in Week 5, which helped Moore lead the Raiders in receptions (five) and yardage (84). He also produced a first-quarter touchdown, his third of the season. Moore has now averaged 91 yards in his last three games, and is clearly Oakland's most effective downfield target. He is also employed frequently on shorter patterns, which should encourage owners to start him with confidence as a WR3.