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The concept of soft sets was proposed as an effective tool to deal with uncertainty and vagueness. Topologists employed this concept to define and study soft topological spaces. In this paper, we introduce the concepts of soft SD-continuous, soft SD-open, soft SD-closed and soft SD-homeomorphism maps by using soft somewhere dense and soft cs-dense sets. We characterize them and discuss their main properties with the help of examples. In particular, we investigate under what conditions the restriction of soft SD-continuous, soft SD-open and soft SD-closed maps are respectively soft SD-continuous, soft SD-open and soft SD-closed maps. We logically explain the reasons of adding the null and absolute soft sets to the definitions of soft SD-continuous and soft SD-closed maps, respectively, and removing the null soft set from the definition of a soft SD-open map.

The concept of binary soft topological spaces defined on two universal sets and a parameter set is investigated in this paper. We define and examine the properties of the binary soft nowhere dense, binary soft dense, binary soft Gδ-set, and binary soft first and second category sets. Also, we introduced binary soft baire spaces and studied their characterizations.

in this paper the concept of neutrosophic β-Baire spaces are introduced and characterization of neutrosophic β -Baire spaces are studied. Examples are given to illustrate the concepts introduced in this paper.

Rough set theory is a non-statistical approach to handle uncertainty and uncertain knowledge. It is characterized by two methods called classification (lower and upper approximations) and accuracy measure. The closeness of notions and results in topology and rough set theory motivates researchers to explore the topological aspects and their applications in rough set theory. To contribute to this area, this paper applies a topological concept called “somewhere dense sets” to improve the approximations and accuracy measure in rough set theory. We firstly discuss further topological properties of somewhere dense and cs -dense sets and give explicitly formulations to calculate S -interior and S -closure operators. Then, we utilize these two sets to define new concepts in rough set context such as SD -lower and SD -upper approximations, SD -boundary region, and SD -accuracy measure of a subset. We establish the fundamental properties of these concepts as well as show their relationships with the previous ones. In the end, we compare the current method of approximations with the previous ones and provide two examples to elucidate that the current method is more accurate.

In this book, Claire Voisin provides an introduction to algebraic cycles on complex algebraic varieties, to the major conjectures relating them to cohomology, and even more precisely to Hodge structures on cohomology. The volume is intended for both students and researchers, and not only presents a survey of the geometric methods developed in the last thirty years to understand the famous Bloch-Beilinson conjectures, but also examines recent work by Voisin. The book focuses on two central objects: the diagonal of a variety—and the partial Bloch-Srinivas type decompositions it may have depending on the size of Chow groups—as well as its small diagonal, which is the right object to consider in order to understand the ring structure on Chow groups and cohomology. An exploration of a sampling of recent works by Voisin looks at the relation, conjectured in general by Bloch and Beilinson, between the coniveau of general complete intersections and their Chow groups and a very particular property satisfied by the Chow ring of K3 surfaces and conjecturally by hyper-Kähler manifolds. In particular, the book delves into arguments originating in Nori's work that have been further developed by others.

this paper includes a study related to the concept of proximity congested sets and proximity not congested sets in i-topological proximity spaces which were defined using two concepts are the i-closure concept and nested set and then utilized it in studying a new type of concept namely cpc-congested set, cp-congested set, pc-congested set. Some of the characteristics and theories of these new sets were presented in this paper.

In this paper, we study soft sets of the first and second Baire categories. The soft sets of the first Baire category are examined to be small soft sets from the point of view of soft topology, while the soft sets of the second Baire category are examined to be large. The family of soft sets of the first Baire category in a soft topological space forms a soft σ-ideal. This contributes to the development of the theory of soft ideal topology. The main properties of these classes of soft sets are discussed. The concepts of soft points where soft sets are of the first or second Baire category are introduced. These types of soft points are subclasses of non-cluster and cluster soft sets. Then, various results on the first and second Baire category soft points are obtained. Among others, the set of all soft points at which a soft set is of the second Baire category is soft regular closed. Moreover, we show that there is symmetry between a soft set that is of the first Baire category and a soft set in which each of its soft points is of the first Baire category. This is equivalent to saying that the union of any collection of soft open sets of the first Baire category is again a soft set of the first Baire category. The last assertion can be regarded as a generalized version of one of the fundamental theorems in topology known as the Banach Category Theorem. Furthermore, it is shown that any soft set can be represented as a disjoint soft union of two soft sets, one of the first Baire category and the other not of the first Baire category at each of its soft points.

We consider the ideal of nowhere dense sets in the common division topology (Szyszkowska’s ideal), and examine some of its basic properties. We also explore the possible inclusions between the studied ideal and Furstenberg’s and Rizza’s ideals, thus answering open questions posed in a recent article by A. Nowik and P. Szyszkowska [17]. Moreover, we discuss the relationships of the Szyszkowska’s ideal with selected well-known ideals playing an important role in number theory and combinatorics.

In this paper, several characterizations of fuzzy soft regularly nowhere dense sets, fuzzy soft regularly dense, fuzzy soft regularly residual, several examples are given to illustrate the concepts introduced in this paper.

This article starts with a study of the congruence of soft sets modulo soft ideals. Different types of soft ideals in soft topological spaces are used to introduce new weak classes of soft open sets. Namely, soft open sets modulo soft nowhere dense sets and soft open sets modulo soft sets of the first category. The basic properties and representations of these classes are established. The class of soft open sets modulo the soft nowhere dense sets forms a soft algebra. Elements in this soft algebra are primarily the soft sets whose soft boundaries are soft nowhere dense sets. The class of soft open sets modulo soft sets of the first category, known as soft sets of the Baire property, is a soft σ-algebra. In this work, we mainly focus on the soft σ-algebra of soft sets with the Baire property. We show that soft sets with the Baire property can be represented in terms of various natural classes of soft sets in soft topological spaces. In addition, we see that the soft σ-algebra of soft sets with the Baire property includes the soft Borel σ-algebra. We further show that soft sets with the Baire property in a certain soft topology are equal to soft Borel sets in the cluster soft topology formed by the original one.