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Background The condyle-fossa relationship is essential for smooth, pain-free jaw movement, relying on symmetrical and balanced condyles. However, this relationship may vary in individuals with malocclusions. Despite its clinical significance, few studies have examined the three-dimensional aspects of condyle morphology and position in class II division 1 malocclusion, and there is a lack of comprehensive data on its subdivision. Aim and objective This study aimed to assess and compare the condyle-fossa relationship, condyle positions, and the dimensional and positional symmetry between the right and left condyles in class II division 1 malocclusion and its subdivisions. Methodology Eighty patients aged 18 years and older were categorized into two groups: the control group (class II division 1) and the test group (class II division 1, subdivision), with 40 individuals in each group. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were used for the evaluation, employing Will Master software (HDX WILL Corporation, Korea). Digital measurements, including condyle-fossa depth, joint spaces, and positional parameters, were taken using OnDemand 3D software (version 2016.12, Cybermed, Korea). Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, t-tests, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with Tukey's post hoc tests for multiple pairwise comparisons. Results No significant differences were found between the right and left sides across all parameters in the control group. In contrast, the test group showed significant differences in condylar fossa depth (P=0.001) and superior joint space (P=0.006). The class I side exhibited a higher mean condylar fossa depth than the class II side, while the class II side displayed a higher mean superior joint space. Comparisons between the control and test groups revealed significant differences in mean condylar fossa depth (P=0.001), anterior joint space (P=0.014), and mediolateral diameter of the condylar process (P=0.009). Conclusions Significant differences were observed in condylar fossa depth and superior joint space between the class II division 1 subdivision group and the class II division 1 group. Additionally, asymmetry in condylar positions was noted, with the class I side showing a deeper condylar fossa and the class II side displaying a larger superior joint space.

The use of calcium hydroxide (CH) is crucial in the proper disinfection of root canals. However, CH affects the fracture resistance of root dentine and also has limited permeability. Nano-based intracanal medicaments have several benefits over traditional medicaments, including a greater surface area-to-volume ratio and better penetrability. Therefore, this in vitrostudy was performed to evaluate and compare the effect of conventional CH and various nanoparticle-based intracanal medicaments on the penetration and fracture resistance of radicular dentin. One hundred samples were taken and randomly divided into four (n=20) experimental groups (nano-CH (NCH), nano-chitosan (NCS), NCH + nano-silver (NAg), NCS + NAg, and a control group (CH). At the end of one month, out of the 20 samples from each group, 10 samples were used to assess the fracture resistance in a universal testing machine, and the other 10 samples were used to determine the depth of penetration using a field emission scanning electron microscope. The mean fracture resistance of root dentin value was the highest with group II (NCS) and the least in the control group (CH), which was statistically significant. The maximum penetration depth of intracanal medicaments was observed with group III (NCH + NAg) and the least in the control group (CH), which was statistically significant. Among the thirds of the root samples, the highest mean depth of penetration was seen in the coronal third and the least in the apical third in all the groups, which was statistically significant. The resistance to fracture and penetration depth at a four‑week interval were higher in nano forms when compared with conventional CH.

Single-tooth anterior dental crossbite is a commonly observed malocclusion in the mixed dentition of children. Early intervention is crucial since malocclusion does not correct itself and can contribute to enamel wear, periodontal disease, and disturbances in temporomandibular joint function. Several treatment methods have been proposed to correct it, including removable appliances and uncomplicated interceptive techniques. This case report shows three pediatric patients diagnosed with single-tooth anterior crossbite. In one case, the crossbite was successfully treated with a Hawley's appliance featuring a Z-spring and a posterior bite plane in just a few weeks. In the remaining two cases, tongue blade therapy was used as a minimally invasive treatment. In one case, crossbite correction was achieved following the performance of a diode laser-assisted frenectomy, which was necessary because a thick labial frenum was obstructing the proper alignment of the teeth.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of toothaches in patients attending the outpatient department (OPD) of a dental institution in India. The primary objective was to identify the clinical and behavioral factors associated with toothaches to support the development of targeted preventive and treatment strategies for this population. A cross-sectional study was conducted over six months in the OPD of a dental college. Using consecutive sampling, 6732 patients were evaluated. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire and clinical examinations conducted by trained dental professionals. Information on demographic characteristics, oral hygiene habits, lifestyle behaviors (smoking, alcohol consumption, and tobacco use), and socioeconomic status was gathered. Clinical indicators including dental caries and periodontal status were also assessed. Bivariate analysis (chi-square test) and multivariate logistic regression were used to determine the associations between toothaches and potential risk factors. Point-biserial correlation was used to evaluate etiological factors. The odds ratio (OR) was calculated. Toothaches were reported in 3883 patients (58%). The prevalence of toothaches was significantly influenced by age, with patients aged 17-60 years showing higher odds (OR = 1.52, p = 0.023) than those under 17 years. Female patients were more than male patients (p < 0.001). Non-smokers (OR = 2.36, p = 0.021), non-tobacco users (OR = 1.98, p = 0.012), and non-alcohol users (OR = 2.12, p = 0.013) had higher odds of toothaches, indicating potential reverse causality. Poor oral hygiene practices, such as infrequent brushing (OR = 1.05, p = 0.001) and lack of dental floss use (OR = 1.96, p = 0.001), were associated with toothache. Urban residence (OR = 1.5, p = 0.001), higher education level, and low income emerged as significant predictors. Etiological analysis showed that self-medication had the strongest correlation with various causes of toothaches, including caries, trauma, and periodontitis. The prevalence of toothaches was reported to be 58%. The findings highlight the multifactorial nature of toothache, with strong links to age, sex, oral hygiene habits, lifestyle behaviors, and socioeconomic status. Comprehensive public health strategies focusing on education, early intervention, and behavioral modification are essential for reducing the burden of toothaches in the population.

Digital dentistry technology has ushered in a transformative era in the field of dentistry, offering a myriad of compelling benefits that encompass enhanced patient care, elevated diagnostic capabilities, and vastly more efficient workflows. Dental schools, as the vanguards of dental education, find themselves on the front lines of adopting and integrating these advanced technologies into their pedagogical frameworks and clinical practices. This literature review comprehensively explores the myriad of challenges and issues encountered by dental schools as they embark on the implementation journey of digital dentistry technology, shedding light on the implications for institutions, educators, students, and patients. Digital dentistry encompasses a wide array of technological innovations, such as intraoral scanners, digital radiography, 3D imaging, CAD/CAM systems, and electronic health records (EHRs). These innovations have redefined the way dentists diagnose, plan treatment, and provide care to their patients. Dental schools are embracing these technologies to remain relevant and effective in educating the next generation of dentists. This review delves into the multifaceted challenges they confront, spanning educational, financial, technological, psychological, ethical, and regulatory dimensions, through research and review articles, textbooks, and case studies. The integration of digital dentistry into curricula demands a reevaluation of content, pedagogy, faculty development, and infrastructure. The financial burden associated with acquiring and maintaining digital equipment poses significant challenges, requiring meticulous financial planning. Resistance to change from faculty, staff, and students necessitates effective change management and communication strategies. Standardization, calibration, patient acceptance, and privacy concerns, along with regulatory and accreditation compliance, require rigorous attention. These challenges hold far-reaching implications for the dental profession, affecting education, patient care, and the adaptability of the dental workforce in a technology-driven era. This review examines each challenge in depth, drawing from empirical evidence and worldwide dental school experiences. It provides valuable insights for dental educators, administrators, students, and stakeholders to navigate these complexities effectively, ensuring the successful integration of digital dentistry technology into dental education and practice. In conclusion, while digital dentistry technology promises substantial benefits, addressing the associated challenges is paramount. Dental schools must strategically allocate resources, invest in faculty and student training, foster a culture of adaptability, and adhere to regulatory and accreditation standards. Successfully navigating these challenges will empower dental schools to prepare graduates who can provide high-quality, technology-driven patient care, ultimately advancing the field of dentistry in the digital age.

Intracanal medicaments, such as antibiotic pastes, in infected primary teeth have been evaluated to treat persistent polymicrobial infections, especially with resistant species like and . Advanced formulations such as triple antibiotic paste (TAP), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂), clindamycin-modified TAP, and nanoparticle-based medicaments have been studied for microbial reduction and clinical outcomes. This systematic review included studies that had evaluated antibiotic pastes for intracanal use in primary teeth. A comprehensive electronic database search was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, and studies were evaluated for eligibility on a population, exposure, comparator, outcome, and study design (PECOS) framework. A comprehensive search was conducted across seven electronic databases that included PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Google Scholar. Risk of bias was evaluated using RoB 2.0 and QUIN tools. Out of 381 studies, 11 studies met the inclusion criteria, which evaluated medicaments such as TAP, Ca(OH)₂, clindamycin-modified TAP, 3C paste, chitosan chlorhexidine (CS-CHX) nanoparticles, and herbal alternatives. Results showed that TAP and its modified forms showed better antimicrobial efficacy, with reductions of up to 99.95% for aerobes and 99.78% for anaerobes. New formulations like nanoparticle-based drugs and 3C paste are promising but need clinical validation. This study suggests the potential of tailored intracanal medicaments in pediatric endodontics.