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"Denunciation"
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THE PROS AND CONS OF ARTICLE 207 OF THE 1988 FEDERAL CONSTITUTION OF BRAZIL
Purpose: This article focuses on Article 207 of the 1988 Brazilian Constitution. It then discusses the pros and cons of this article, which gives full rights to Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in relation to their teaching and administrative autonomy. The social problem is as follows: Do HEIs (Higher Education Institutions) violate the law or not, as they are protected by Article 207 of the 1988 Brazilian Constitution? The aim of this study is to show how HEIs use Article 207 (BRAZIL, 1988) in their selection processes for undergraduate and postgraduate courses in Brazil. Method: This investigation used the Experience Report as its method and the qualitative approach as its approach. Results and Discussion: The results of this study show that HEIs do violate the law. Unfortunately, there seems to be no supervision by public bodies, except when the MEC (Ministry of Education) or another recognized body visits these institutions to qualify or disqualify their courses at national level and even internationally (institutions other than the MEC). On these occasions, unfortunately, many camouflages are made by these HEIs. Reading this article, it becomes clear that the university autonomy of Article 207 of the 1988 Federal Constitution (BRAZIL, 1988) does not in fact guarantee democracy within the HEIs, especially when it comes to entering and remaining as a student, teacher and/or employee/servant, especially in public HEIs. Implications of the Research: This experience report explores the possibility of re-evaluating Article 207 of the Brazilian Constitution of 1988, to the extent that the autonomy guaranteed to Higher Education Institutions in Brazil is more effective, linked to constant inspections by public authorities without prior warning. Thus, it is understood that, although \"enslaved\" to a higher order represented by the Brazilian government and the legislation in force in Brazil, Brazilian universities will indeed be secular and for everyone. Originality/Value: This research and article, although short, raises for discussion a crucial point for guaranteeing democracy in access to higher education and postgraduate studies in Brazil, which is little debated. There is a lot of talk about autonomy within Brazilian universities today. However, there is little questioning of this autonomy and how harmful and lethal it can be to democracy within them.
Journal Article
Suspicion-in-the-making: Surveillance and Denunciation in Financial Policing
Abstract
The pervasiveness of suspicion throughout society has become a central theme in the literature, especially with the importance of suspicious activity reporting in counterterrorism policies. Yet, little is known about the ‘suspicion-in-the-making’. The article aims to shed light on the production of suspicion as routine work for people and businesses invited to be the ‘eyes and ears’ of the State in the name of security. The fight against money laundering and terrorist financing is the paradigmatic example of how suspicious activity reporting serves as the backbone of policing practices. Drawing on empirical research in Canada, the focus on financial policing provides an opportunity to reflect upon the formalization of the suspicion-in-the-making in general, outside police and intelligence organizations in particular.
Journal Article
Blackmailers and shmaltzovniks under the law in occupied Cracow
The purpose of this article is to analyze blackmail in occupied Cracow based on the criminal cases from 1939–1946 and the witness accounts. The article discusses the specific nature of crime in occupied Cracow and the activities of blackmailers based on selected stories of blackmailers who heard the charge of blackmailing Jews during World War II and were brought to justice by the occupation judiciary. These surviving cases are a unique historical feature and need to be discussed. These are the stories of: Maria Jawułowa, Helena Loho and Władysław Urbańczyk, Tadeusz Pawlus, Zdzisław Pohorecki, Feliks Kowalski and Aleksandr Radwan, whom the author deliberately mentions by name. The author also looks at the different techniques used by blackmailers, depending on whether they acted alone or in a group, in a planned or spontaneous manner. The premise of the article is to present the attitudes of blackmailers, their victims and occupation law enforcers.
Journal Article
Denunciation and Social Control
It has long been observed that centralized social control requires some level of cooperation from the populace. Without such assistance, control agents are unable to acquire the local knowledge necessary to locate and prosecute deviants. Yet why citizens cooperate with authorities, especially in the most repressive regimes, remains a puzzle. This article develops two models of such cooperation: in the first, authorities actively use incentives to elicit denunciations from the populace, through either coercion or the promise of rewards. In the second, authorities passively gain access to local negative networks, as individuals denounce to harm others whom they dislike and to gain relative to them. Using internal variation in the early years of the Spanish Inquisition (1486 to 1502) and Romanov Russia (1613 to 1649), I demonstrate the differing effects of each model on patterns of denunciations. Paradoxically, social control is most effective when authorities provide individuals maximum freedom to direct its coercive power.
Journal Article
Endogenous dynamics of denunciation: Evidence from an inquisitorial trial
Abstract
We develop an endogenous approach to the practice of denunciation, as an alternative to exogenous historical and sociological accounts. It analyzes denunciation as a response to increasing pressure, which in turn increases pressure on social contacts. The research context is the trial of Waldensians in Giaveno, Italy, in 1335, headed by the inquisitor Alberto de Castellario. A dynamic network actor model attests that coercive pressure not only raises the rate of denunciation but also compels denouncers to implicate individuals who are socially closer to them. We find that coercive pressure starts yielding diminishing returns relatively quickly, with the degree of redundancy of information escalating as a result of preferential attachment, increasingly targeting those already denounced by others, publicly announced suspects, and those having absconded from the trial.
Journal Article
Homotransphobia and intersectional violence based on complaints to the police in the State of Sergipe, Brazil (2015-2018)
This article is the result of original research using the analytical tool of intersectionality in relation to cases of violence against sexual and gender diversity, recorded through police reports (B.O) filed in police stations of the Sergipe Public SafetySecretariat (SSP/SE) in Brazil between 2015 and 2018. The mapping was carried out on the SSP/SE intranet system using 32 keywords that served as search sources, with 305 police reports found that contained accusations of homophobic, transphobic and homotransphobic motivations. The methodological approach was based on a qualitative-quantitative, descriptive and documentary analysis and on authors who discuss homotransphobic violence, public safety and sexual and gender diversity. The results show that the majority of the complaints analyzed fit into nine different types of intersectional oppression: ageism, aporophobia, fatphobia, prejudice against people with disabilities, racism, sexism, serophobia and xenophobia. In some cases, more than one type of oppression was present, and most of the situations of violence reported were recurrent, causing serious consequences for victims and non-victims, and affecting all social agents, regardless of their sexual orientation, gender identity, sexual characteristics and/or gender expressions. This reality emphasizes the social nature of homotransphobia, as well as the need for society as a whole to actively engage in the process of preventing and combating all forms of oppression.
Journal Article
The Roman Inquisition Revisited: The Maltese Tribunal in the Eighteenth Century
This article deals with the Roman inquisition in Malta during the eighteenth century when much of its severity had declined. It presents evidence from primary sources in Malta's inquisitorial archives to document unique aspects of the Maltese tribunal andy in the processy demolishes various myths about this institution. It proves that most of the charges resulted from self-confessions and that the accused would be arrested only after a prolonged investigation. Though he was not supplied with the names of his accusers these did crop up during interrogation. They were also to befound in the transcript that a defendant was given to prepare his defense with and he was even able to confront his accusers face to face. The defendant was permitted to have a lawyer to assist him and could bring his own witnesses. Judicial torture was rarely used and sentences were decided with much circumspection so that the innocent would not be punished. It is morally incorrect to condemn liberty of conscience but it must be said that the Roman inquisition followed the rule of law.
Journal Article