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1,978 result(s) for "Descartes, René, 1596-1650."
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Descartes' deontological turn : reason, will, and virtue in the later writings
\"This book offers a new way of approaching the place of the will in Descartes' mature epistemology and ethics. Departing from the widely accepted view, Noa Naaman-Zauderer suggests that Descartes regards the will, rather than the intellect, as the most significant mark of human rationality, both intellectual and practical. Through a close reading of Cartesian texts from the Meditations onward, she brings to light a deontological and non-consequentialist dimension of Descartes' later thinking, which credits the proper use of free will with a constitutive, evaluative role. She shows that the right use of free will, to which Descartes assigns obligatory force, constitutes for him an end in its own right rather than merely a means for attaining any other end, however valuable. Her important study has significant implications for the unity of Descartes' thinking, and for the issue of responsibility, inviting scholars to reassess Descartes' philosophical legacy\"-- Provided by publisher.
The Mind-Body Stage
Descartes's notion of subjectivity changed the way characters would be written, performed by actors, and received by audiences. His coordinate system reshaped how theatrical space would be conceived and built. His theory of the passions revolutionized our understanding of the emotional exchange between spectacle and spectators. Yet theater scholars have not seen Descartes's transformational impact on theater history. Nor have philosophers looked to this history to understand his reception and impact. After Descartes, playwrights put Cartesian characters on the stage and thematized their rational workings. Actors adapted their performances to account for new models of subjectivity and physiology. Critics theorized the theater's emotional and ethical benefits in Cartesian terms. Architects fostered these benefits by altering their designs. The Mind-Body Stage provides a dazzlingly original picture of one of the most consequential and confusing periods in the histories of modern theater and philosophy. Interdisciplinary and comparatist in scope, it uses methodological techniques from literary study, philosophy, theater history, and performance studies and draws on scores of documents (including letters, libretti, religious jeremiads, aesthetic treatises, and architectural plans) from several countries.
Descartes's Fictions : reading philosophy with poetics
Descartes’s Fictions traces common movements in early modern philosophy and literary method. This volume reassesses the significance of Descartes’s writing by bringing his philosophical output into contact with the literary treatises, exempla, and debates of his age. Arguing that humanist theorizing about the art of poetry represents a vital intellectual context for Descartes’s work, the volume offers readings of the controversies to which this poetic theory gives rise, with particular reference to the genre of tragicomedy, the question of verisimilitude, and the figures of Guez de Balzac and Pierre Corneille. Drawing on what Descartes says about, and to, his many contemporaries and correspondents embedded in the early modern republic of letters, this volume shows that poetics provides a repository of themes and images to which he returns repeatedly: fortune, method, error, providence, passion, and imagination, amongst others. Like the poets and theorists of the early modern period, Descartes is also drawn to the forms of attention that people may bring to his work. This interest finds expression in the mature Cartesian metaphysics of the Meditations, as well as, later, in the moral philosophy of his correspondence with Elisabeth of Bohemia or the Passions of the Soul. Some of the tropes of modern secondary criticism—a comparison of Descartes and Corneille, or the portrayal of Descartes as a ‘tragic’ figure—are also re-evaluated. This volume thus bridges the gap between Cartesian criticism and late-humanist literary culture in France.
Sacrifice and self-interest in seventeenth-century France : quietism, Jansenism, and Cartesianism
The debate in 17th-century France between the Quietists and their opponents raised the question whether we should be willing to sacrifice the salvation of our own souls for love of another. Descartes's views on freewill were cited by both sides.
ديكارت والعقلانية
تقول المؤلفة بأنه تبدو لنا الفلسفات العقلانية الكبرى في القرن السابع عشر وعند مقارنتها ببعضها على ضوء القضايا التي خلفها النظام الديكارتي، مقسومة اثنتين بمقابل اثنتين : من ناحية أولى : مالبرانش وسبينوزا وهما يطعان في الله، كل فاعلية وكل معرفة حقيقية ومن ناحية ثانية ليبنتيز وديكارت وهما يؤكدان على نمو القوى الكامنة في الذهن البشري. أما سبينوزا فرغم قوله بأن المقدار هو ماهيته الأجسام، يضع فيه قوة يشدد ليبنتيز على أهميتها بعكس قول ديكارت ومالبرانش بجمود المادة واستبعاد الغائية من العلوم الطبيعية مما يقرب سبينوزا من ديكارت كما أن رفضهما المشترك للجدل حول الأهداف الإلهية وأفكارهما هذا التشبيه، يقضيان سلفا على التوضيحات التي يقدمها مالبرانش وليبنتيز بخصوص دقة يترك للحرية الإنسانية ذلك المجال الفسيح. غير أنها وجدت بأن، في مشكلة الحرية لا تجد واحدا الصفة الإلهية وأخيرا مالبرانش يتمسك بالقدرة الدائمة على القبول أو الرفض وهي قدرة وضعها ليبنتيز وسبينوزا ضمن شبكة محكمة من الأسباب والمسببات. ثم إن الجديد في حتمية سبينوزا إنما هو تلك الوحدة بين السببية الطبيعية والسببية العقلية التي ناقض بها الجدل التقليدي حول المعرفة المسبقة بالأشياء الممكنة الوجود وهو جدل جعل ليبنتيز ومالبرانش ينطلقان من الفلسفة وينتهيان إلى اللاهوت وتضيف المؤلفة بأن هذه الخطوط العريضة، لا تأخذ بالاعتبار النية الخاصة بكل نظام فلسفي. \"فالعقلانية الكبرى\" هي أيضا نمط من التفكير خاص \"بالقرن العظيم\" والنظام التام الموجود \"في هذه الأبنية التي صممها وشادها مهندس واحد\" يجعلها، في وقت واحد، متقاربة وغير قابلة للمقارنة، بل متباعدة في أحيان كثيرة. وكل دعوى أساسية، ترتبط بالكل ارتباطا شديدا يجعل كل طرف يبرر الآخر. فالوضوح التام مثلا، يستخدم لإثبات وجود الله عند ديكارت، بينما الله في النتيجة، هو الذي يبرر قيمة هذا الوضوح. ورؤيا المعاني الثابتة في العقل الكلي والانسجام المسبق، يرتبطان ارتباطا كليا بالله، مما يجعل مالبرانش وليبنتيز يجدان فيها أفضل دليل على وجود الله وهو في مطلق الأحوال، دليل لا ينفصل عن أخص خواص هاتين الفلسفتين.
Kant and the Scandal of Philosophy
InKant and the Scandal of Philosophy, Luigi Caranti corrects this omission, providing a thorough historical analysis of Kant's anti-sceptical arguments from the pre-critical period up to the 'Reflexionen zum Idealismus' (1788-93).
ديكارت : رائد الفلسفة في العصر الحديث
إنه ومن لا شك فيه أن التفكير الفلسفي والعلمي في الإسلام قد أخذ الكثير من اليونان وأنه قد تطور بفضل ما أخذه من غيره وما أضافه من صميم ذاته حتى بلغ أوج ازدهاره في عصر العباسيين. وكما أخذ العرب عن اليونان منذ بدء دولتهم الفتية، أخذت أوروبا عن العرب واليونان في مطلع عصر النهضة، ولا بد لوصل الماضي بالحاضر من وعي التراث القديم بأكمله متصل الحلقات كامل البيان حتى تكتمل النظرة الشاملة لتقييم التراث ولتحديد في أي اتجاه ويسير التقدم، وبأي المناهج يبلغ العقل الحقيقة، ويكتشف المجهول من أجل خير الإنسان وسعادته في هذه الحياة. وفي هذا الكتاب دراسة في الفلسفة الحديثة والمعاصرة، فتكون من مقالات فلسفية عن رائد الفكر الحديث \"رينه ديكارت\"، ثم فيها معالجة مشكلة أو فكرة الكوجيتو، لأن ديكارت قام بتقديم وجهة نظر معينة في منهجه للكوجيتو، وهناك من الفلاسفة من له وجهة نظر أخرى، مثل هين دي بيران، وقد اراد الباحث أن يعيش القارئ بنفسه مع هذه المشكلة من خلال وقوفه على وجهة نظر ديكارت التي يعرضها في دراسته هذه.
Descartes's method of doubt
Descartes thought that we could achieve absolute certainty by starting with radical doubt. He adopts this strategy in the Meditations on First Philosophy, where he raises sweeping doubts with the famous dream argument and the hypothesis of an evil demon. But why did Descartes think we should take these exaggerated doubts seriously? And if we do take them seriously, how did he think any of our beliefs could ever escape them? Janet Broughton undertakes a close study of Descartes's first three meditations to answer these questions and to present a fresh way of understanding precisely what Descartes was up to. Broughton first contrasts Descartes's doubts with those of the ancient skeptics, arguing that Cartesian doubt has a novel structure and a distinctive relation to the commonsense outlook of everyday life. She then argues that Descartes pursues absolute certainty by uncovering the conditions that make his radical doubt possible. She gives a unified account of how Descartes uses this strategy, first to find certainty about his own existence and then to argue that God exists.Drawing on this analysis, Broughton provides a new way to understand Descartes's insistence that he hasn't argued in a circle, and she measures his ambitions against those of contemporary philosophers who use transcendental arguments in their efforts to defeat skepticism. The book is a powerful contribution both to the history of philosophy and to current debates in epistemology.