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This textbook on 'Instructional Design for Learning' is a must for all education and teaching students and specialists. It provides a comprehensive overview about the theoretical foundations of the various models of Instructional Design and Technology from its very beginning to the most recent approaches. It elaborates Instructional Design (ID) as a science of educational planning. The book expands on this general understanding of ID and presents an up-to-date perspective on the theories and models for the creation of detailed and precise blueprints for effective instruction. It integrates different theoretical aspects and practical approaches, such as conceptual ID models, technology-based ID, and research-based ID. In doing so, this book takes a multi-perspective view on the questions that are central for professional ID: How to analyze the relevant characteristics of the learner and the environment? How to create precise goals and adequate instruments of assessment? How to design classroom and technology-supported learning environments? How to ensure effective teaching and learning by employing formative and summative evaluation? Furthermore, this book presents empirical findings on the processes that enable effective instructional designing. Finally, this book demonstrates two different fields of application by addressing ID for teaching and learning at secondary schools and colleges, as well as for higher education.

Purpose Life cycle assessment (LCA) has not been widely applied in the building design process because it is perceived to be complex and time-consuming. There is a high demand for simplified approaches that architects can use without detailed knowledge of LCA. This paper presents a parametric LCA approach, which allows architects to efficiently reduce the environmental impact of building designs. Methods First, the requirements for design-integrated LCA are analyzed. Then, assumptions to simplify the required data input are made and a parametric model is established. The model parametrizes all input, including building geometry, materials, and boundary conditions, and calculates the LCA in real time. The parametric approach possesses the advantage that input parameters can be adjusted easily and quickly. The architect has two options to improve the design: either through manually changing geometry, building materials, and building services, or through the use of an optimization solver. The parametric model was implemented in a parametric design software and applied using two cases: (a) the design of a new multi-residential building, and (b) retrofitting of a single-family house. Results and discussion We have successfully demonstrated the capability of the approach to find a solution with minimum environmental impact for both examples. In the first example, the parametric method is used to manually compare geometric design variants. The LCA is calculated based on assumptions for materials and building services. In the second example, evolutionary algorithms are employed to find the optimum combination of insulation material, heating system, and windows for retrofitting. We find that there is not one optimum insulation thickness, but many optima, depending on the individual boundary conditions and the chosen environmental indicator. Conclusions By incorporating a simplified LCA into the design process, the additional effort of performing LCA is minimized. The parametric approach allows the architect to focus on his main task of designing the building and finally makes LCA practically useful for design optimization. In the future, further performance analysis capabilities such as life cycle costing can also be integrated.

\"For many years the way the design process was managed in the commercial design and construction industry was a topic of great interest to academics and a small cadre of professionals who were early adopters of new project delivery methods. The issue has now burst into the mainstream as the pace of change has quickened the industry's transformation to team-approach design and construction. Through candid interviews with 40 industry luminaries and a set of actionable tools and best practices, the book helps readers do the impossible : manage design. Written in a relatable style this book is a welcome lever for owners, contractors, and designers in search of better ways to work together\"-- Provided by publisher.

Design is essential to fulfil unmet or under-served needs of resource-poor societies, supporting their social and human development. A great deal of design research has been undertaken in such low resource settings, and is discussed under different names, such as ‘community development engineering’, ‘humanitarian engineering’, ‘appropriate technology’, ‘design for development’, ‘design at the Base of the Pyramid’, etc. This has created an important need to know what has been examined and learnt so far and to plan for further investigation. To address this, we review a broad range of literature, with close examination of 30 design studies in this field. This reveals a multifaceted picture, showing a great diversity in investigation and reporting of attributes of context (income, rural and urban, design sectors, countries, and gender), the roles of poor people (consumers, producers, and co-designers), characteristics of research methods employed (e.g. descriptive and prescriptive, data collection methods, qualitative and quantitative aspects, and unit of analysis), and design topics. Based on the review results, we offer recommendations for further research, identifying concerns that researchers ought to have about this field and suggesting ways in which research in this field can be undertaken and reported.

When a new technology makes people ill, how high does the body count have to be before protective steps are taken? This disturbing book tells a dark story of hazardous manufacturing, poisonous materials, environmental abuses, political machinations, and economics trumping safety concerns. It explores the century-long history of ?fake silk,? or cellulose viscose, used to produce such products as rayon textiles and tires, cellophane, and everyday kitchen sponges. Paul Blanc uncovers the grim history of a product that crippled and even served a death sentence to many industry workers while also releasing toxic carbon disulfide into the environment. Viscose, an innovative and lucrative product first introduced in the early twentieth century, quickly became a multinational corporate enterprise. Blanc investigates industry practices from the beginning through two highly profitable world wars, the midcentury export of hazardous manufacturing to developing countries, and the current ?greenwashing? of viscose as an eco-friendly product. Deeply researched and boldly presented, this book brings to light an industrial hazard whose egregious history ranks with those of asbestos, lead, and mercury.

Product/service systems (PSSs) are increasingly found in markets, and more resources are being invested in PSS design. Despite the substantial research into PSS design, the current literature exhibits an incomplete understanding of it as a cognitive activity. This article demonstrates that the methods used to analyze product designers’ cognitive behavior can be used to produce comparable and commensurable results when analyzing PSS designers. It also generates empirical grounding for the development of hypotheses based on a cognitive study of a PSS design session in a laboratory environment using protocol analysis. This study is a part of a larger project comparing PSS design with product design. The results, which are based on the function–behavior–structure coding scheme, show that PSS design, when coded using this scheme, can be quantitatively compared with product design. Five hypotheses were developed based on the results of the study of this design session concerning where and how designers expend their cognitive design effort. These hypotheses can be used to design experiments that test them and provide the grounding for a fuller understanding of PSS design.

Abstract Facing the ecological and social crisis that the agrifood systems cross, a profound transformation of food systems is required, necessitating systemic and sustainable innovations. Sustainability assessments are generally performed to identify and/or validate the improvement in sustainability conferred by a designed artifact relative to the current or standard situation. However, they can have many other benefits in the design process. Here, we review the place, role, and conditions of use of sustainability assessment in innovation design processes in agrifood systems. By cross-referencing published findings and our own experience, we formalize a design process highlighting the place of sustainability assessment, whether design is intended for the creation of an agricultural or food artifact. We identify three types of assessment: initial diagnosis, screening between solutions at the ideation stage, and evaluation at the prototyping and development stages. We discuss ways of performing each of these assessments and highlight general key points about sustainability assessment. A first set of key points relate to criteria and indicators, a second set to the role of stakeholders, a third one to the adaptive nature of the assessment, and the last one to the uncertainty consideration. These key points provide guidance for efficient assessment in the design of innovations to increase the sustainability of agrifood systems. Thus, we demonstrate that the design process of innovations for sustainable agrifood systems requires (1) to formalize the place and mode of assessment, (2) to make use of relevant sustainability criteria and indicators, (3) to reinforce participatory practices, and (4) to adapt the assessment to the context of the designed artifact, to facilitate choices between imperfect solutions. Such an approach aims to promote innovations that meet the expectations of the system’s direct stakeholders, but also integrate the needs of invisible actors such as the environment or the well-being of populations.

In this review, we present a new set of machine learning-based materials research methodologies for polycrystalline materials developed through the Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology project of the Japan Science and Technology Agency. We focus on the constituents of polycrystalline materials (i.e. grains, grain boundaries [GBs], and microstructures) and summarize their various aspects (experimental synthesis, artificial single GBs, multiscale experimental data acquisition via electron microscopy, formation process modeling, property description modeling, 3D reconstruction, and data-driven design methods). Specifically, we discuss a mechanochemical process involving high-energy milling, in situ observation of microstructural formation using 3D scanning transmission electron microscopy, phase-field modeling coupled with Bayesian data assimilation, nano-orientation analysis via scanning precession electron diffraction, semantic segmentation using neural network models, and the Bayesian-optimization-based process design using BOXVIA software. As a proof of concept, a researcher- and data-driven process design methodology is applied to a polycrystalline iron-based superconductor to evaluate its bulk magnet properties. Finally, future challenges and prospects for data-driven material development and iron-based superconductors are discussed.

Background People with stroke and their families face numerous challenges as they leave hospital to return home, often experiencing multifaceted unmet needs and feelings of abandonment. The essential elements of an intervention intended to support transition‐to‐home after stroke are unclear. Objective The aim of the project was to engage in a co‐design process to identify the key components of a pragmatic intervention to inform a transition‐to‐home support pathway following stroke. Materials and Methods The study was conducted using a co‐design process engaging multiple stakeholders, including 12 people with stroke, 6 caregivers, 26 healthcare professionals and 6 individuals from stroke organisations in a series of three workshops, facilitated by the primary researcher, a wider team of researchers and an individual with lived experience of stroke. World Café methodology and Liberating Structures facilitation techniques were adapted to meet the aim of the workshops. Data collection involved observations during workshops, followed by summarising of findings and reaching group consensus agreement on outputs. Facilitated consensus on a prioritisation task resulted in the final output. Results The co‐design group identified 10 key intervention components of a transition‐to‐home support pathway following stroke. These components focussed on enhancing collaboration, streamlining transition processes and facilitating post‐discharge support. While a stroke coordinator was considered a top priority, increased cross‐setting information sharing and community in‐reach, where community‐based healthcare staff extended their services into hospital settings to provide continuity care, were considered most feasible to implement. Conclusion The co‐design approach, involving a multi‐stakeholder group and strengthened by patient and public involvement, ensured that the identified transition‐to‐home intervention components are meaningful and relevant for people with stroke and their families. Further co‐design workshops are required to refine, and feasibility test the components for generalisability within the wider Irish healthcare setting. Patient or Public Contribution Individuals who have experienced a stroke actively contributed to shaping the methodological design of this study and the ethics process. They engaged in the analysis of co‐design outputs and provided input for the discussion and recommendations regarding future research. An individual who had experienced a stroke formed part of the research team, co‐facilitating the co‐design workshops and co‐authoring this article.

The integration of research into the design process is an opportunity to build ecologically informed urban design solutions. To date, designers have traditionally relied on environmental consultants to provide the best available science; however, serious gaps in our understanding of urban ecosystems remain. To evaluate ecosystem processes and services for sustainable urban design and to further advance our understanding of social-ecological processes within the urban context, we need to integrate primary research into the urban design process. In this article, we develop a road map for such a synthesis. Supporting our proposals by case studies, we identify strategic entry points at which urban ecology researchers can integrate their work into the design process.