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Tropical cyclones (TCs) pose a substantial threat to human life and property, with China being among the most affected countries. In this study, a significant increasing trend is detected for TC destructiveness, primarily measured by precipitation, and for TC‐induced damage, measured by direct economic losses (DELs), in the inland areas of East China. In contrast, a similar trend cannot be observed in the coastal regions. The rapid increase of TC‐induced damage in the inland areas of East China is directly related to an increase of the annual number of disastrous TCs, which is a result of the increased TC landfall frequency and the increased TC decay timescale after landfall. The increase in specific humidity, soil moisture, and the decrease in vertical wind shear in East China favor the survival of TCs inland. Our results highlight the significance of TC disaster prevention in the inland regions. Plain Language Summary The damage induced by tropical cyclones (TCs) shows a long‐term increasing trend in mainland China. In general, the occurrence of TC disasters is more frequent in coastal areas than inland. However, inland areas lack resilience toward TC attacks, resulting in substantial damage when a TC reaches. This study focuses on the long‐term variations of TC destructiveness and the damage that results in inland areas, and a significant increasing trend has been observed, particularly in East China. The rapid increase of TC‐induced damage in the inland areas of East China is essentially due to the increased annual number of disastrous TCs in this region. Such an increase of the disastrous TC number is not only attributed to the increasing TC landfall frequency but also related to the increasing post‐landfall TC decay timescale. It is further demonstrated that the increase in specific humidity, soil moisture, and the decrease in vertical wind shear in East China favor the survival of TCs in inland areas. Our findings highlight the significance of TC disaster prevention in the inland areas. Key Points A significant increasing trend is detected for TC destructiveness and its resulting damage in the inland areas of East China The increase of TC‐induced damage is primarily due to an increase in the annual number of disastrous TC events The increase in disastrous TC events is related to an increase in TC landfall frequency and in decay timescale of TCs after landfall

Primary psychopathy in leaders, also referred to as successful psychopathy or corporate psychopathy, has been put forward as a key determinant of corporate misconduct. In contrast to the general notion that primary psychopaths’ destructiveness cannot be controlled, we posit that psychopathic leaders’ display of self-serving and abusive behavior can be restrained by organizational contextual factors. Specifically, we hypothesize that the positive relationship between leader primary psychopathy on the one hand and self-serving behavior and abusive supervision on the other will be weaker to the extent that the organizational context (clear rules and policies, sanctionability of misconduct, and transparency of behavior) is stronger. Three studies (one experiment, one survey of leader–subordinate dyads, and one survey of teams) showed that clear rules in particular weakened the positive association between leader primary psychopathic traits and their self-serving and abusive behavior. Explanations for why clear rules rein in primary psychopathic leaders’ destructive behavior more than sanctionability of misconduct and transparency of behavior will be discussed.

Although the World Health Assembly emphasized as early as in 1996 the need for violence prevention, there is still no generally accepted index for interpersonal destructiveness in a society. Hereby we propose a Societal Index of Interpersonal Destructiveness (SIID) that could be used to compare interpersonal violence in different societies. SIID is a composite of two sub-indices: (1) Index of Interpersonal Destructiveness Prerequisites, and (2) Index of Interpersonal Destructiveness Consequences. This study addresses the construction and internal consistency analysis of SIID. The Indices for periods 1989–1993, 1994–1999, 1999–2004, 2005–2007 and 2008–2010 are computed and for 28–48 countries, depending on availability of high quality and comparative data across time. We conclude that SIID has considerable potential as an internally consistent yard-stick for evaluating and comparing the level of interpersonal destructiveness of societies worldwide.

Does a state's use of indiscriminate violence incite insurgent attacks? To date, most existing theories and empirical studies have concluded that such violence is highly counterproductive because it creates new grievances while forcing victims to seek security, if not safety, in rebel arms. This proposition is tested using Russian artillery fire in Chechnya (2000 to 2005) to estimate indiscriminate violence's effect on subsequent patterns of insurgent attacks across matched pairs of similar shelled and nonshelled villages. The findings are counterintuitive. Shelled villages experience a 24 percent reduction in posttreatment mean insurgent attacks relative to control villages. In addition, commonly cited \"triggers\" for insurgent retaliation, including the lethality and destructiveness of indiscriminate violence, are either negatively correlated with insurgent attacks or statistically insignificant.

Are we moving towards a gentler world, and if so, how fast are we moving? Using data for 25 countries from 1991 to 2012, a positive trend is observed in four indicators—Welzel's Emancipative Values Index and Gender Equality sub-index, Locus of Control and Nahkur's Societal Index of Interpersonal Destructiveness (SIID). Applying the simple logistic growth pattern over time, from a floor of 0 to a ceiling of 1, it is apparent that gender equality scores and locus of control are past their fastest growth phase (middle part of the stretched-out S-curve). Emancipative Values Index is in its fastest growth phase, but as its S curve is much more stretched out, so its increase is slow. Normalized SIID is already in its late growth phase, close to the ceiling at 1; thus its further increase is bound to be quite slow. We also looked at the lead and lag times of individual countries compared to world average. This is more informative than saying \"Country A is below the world average by x units\". The average lag time was by far the largest for Russia, Ukraine and Moldova (56–42 years). The average lead time was by far the largest for Sweden and Norway (116 and 42 years). Central East Europe was the only region where index values rose rather steadily. Post-2012 increase rate is bound to be slower, feeding frustration.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, debilitating skin condition that negatively affects patients’ quality of life. Indirect self-destructiveness refers to activities extended over time, such as addictions, risky behaviors, neglects, resignation, helplessness. These can be an additional factor impeding the achievement of positive clinical effects in the treatment of HS patients, therefore the objective of the study was to assess the indirect self-destructive behaviors in patients suffering from HS. The study group involved 100 adult HS patients with 59 males and 41 females. Indirect self-destructiveness was investigated with the Polish version of the Kelley’s Indirect Self-Destructiveness Scale (CS-DS). The study revealed that the average total score of indirect self-destructiveness in HS population was 130.16 ± 21.3 (median 128 points). The CS-DS scores were significantly higher in smoking patents (p = 0.006). The most expressed class of indirect self-destructiveness was A5 (Helplessness and Passivity). The indicated results pointed out a strong domination of passive forms of indirect self-destructiveness over its active forms. Due to related low self-esteem, social isolation and exclusion, HS patients are more prone to behave in a self-destructive manner, which may lead to poor health maintenance in a form of leaving appointments and non-adherence.

Emotional intelligence may beneficially affect human life and psychological and social functioning, whereas indirect self-destructiveness exerts a rather adverse impact thereon. The aim of this study was to synthesise the results of research on possible relationships between emotional intelligence and indirect self-destructiveness, emotional intelligence dimensions and indirect self-destructiveness categories, as well as the gender differentiation of relationships between particular dimensions of emotional intelligence and the categories of indirect self-destructiveness. A population of 260 individuals (130 females and 130 males) aged 20–30 years (mean age of 24.5 years) was assessed using INTE, i.e. the Polish version of the Assessing Emotions Scale (AES) and the Polish version of Chronic Self-Destructiveness Scale (CS-DS). The level of emotional intelligence differentiated the intensity of indirect self-destructiveness and vice versa. Emotional intelligence and its factors showed many significant, mainly negative, correlations with indirect self-destructiveness and its categories. Relationships between particular dimensions of emotional intelligence and categories of self-destructiveness differed between women and men. One of the crucial differences was the association between the ability to recognise emotions and transgression. In general, low emotional intelligence can be said to correlate with poor psychological and social functioning, which in turn is associated with indirect self-destructiveness and its categories. It seems advisable to utilise emotional intelligence in the prophylactic and therapeutic work with those suffering from various types of disorders, especially the indirect self-destructiveness syndrome. Knowledge on the differentiation of the said relationships may help properly target prophylactic and therapeutic interventions, adjusting them to a given gender.

Although a reasonable understanding of corporate social responsibility (CSR) exists, one dimension remains largely ignored. That is, the cultural impacts of corporations, or the bearing, at various levels of their business models, activities, and outcomes on the value systems and enduring beliefs of affected people. We introduce the notion of corporate cultural responsibility (CCR). The way corporations address CCR concerns can be reflected according to three stances: cultural destructiveness, cultural carelessness, and cultural prowess. Taken sequentially, they reflect a growing comprehension and increasingly active consideration of CCR concerns by corporations. In turn, we explicitly address issues related to the complex question of determining the cultural responsibilities of corporate actors; specify key CCR-related conceptualizations; and lay a foundation for discussions, debates, and research efforts centered on CCR concerns and rationales.

This chapter provides an overview of some of the materials used to write and decorate different types of manuscripts, i.e. inks, pigments and dyes, and of the different scientific methods and techniques available for their analysis and characterisation. The target audience is not only made of scientists but also curators, conservators, students and practitioners who want to know more about the technical examination of manuscripts and wish to appreciate the context of the scientific analysis of this type of objects. The possible types of approach to the scientific investigation of manuscripts are discussed, and the most frequently used analytical techniques are grouped according to their level of invasiveness and destructiveness. The chapter also contains a quick guide to some of the main questions that may arise about manuscripts, and explains how scientists can help to address them. Finally, a general protocol for the scientific analysis of manuscripts is illustrated.

Many Western countries first introduced family allowances around the Second World War. We argue that this clustering is not coincidental and put pronatalist policies related to war preparation and the socioeconomic and demographic ramifications of the Second World War at the center of our explanation. To test this, we first conduct brief case studies of France, Germany, Italy, and Japan to detail how war preparation influenced the introduction of such family allowances. Second, a panel regression of 18 Western countries investigates the different factors contributing to the timing of introduction of such policies and shows that war and its aftershocks have been an important causal factor in the introduction of family allowances. It was not so much the destructiveness of and the involvement in the war that played a role, but rather a general wartime crisis that affected belligerent and non-belligerent countries in similar ways.