Explore the vast range of titles available.

We provide analogues of the results from Friedman and Motto Ros (2011) and Camerlo, Marcone, and Motto Ros (2013) (which correspond to the case

We isolate two abstract determinacy theorems for games of length$\\omega_1$from work of Neeman and use them to conclude, from large-cardinal assumptions and an iterability hypothesis in the region of measurable Woodin cardinals that (1) if the Continuum Hypothesis holds, then all games of length$\\omega_1$which are provably$\\Delta_1$-definable from a universally Baire parameter (in first-order or$\\Omega $-logic) are determined; (2) all games of length$\\omega_1$with payoff constructible relative to the play are determined; and (3) if the Continuum Hypothesis holds, then there is a model of${\\mathsf{ZFC}}$containing all reals in which all games of length$\\omega_1$definable from real and ordinal parameters are determined.

Inflorescence architecture dictates the number of flowers and, ultimately, seeds. The architectural discrepancies between two related cereals, barley and wheat, are controlled by differences in determinacy of inflorescence and spikelet meristems. Here, we characterize two allelic series of mutations named intermedium-m (int-m) and double seed1 (dub1) that convert barley indeterminate inflorescences into wheat-like determinate inflorescences bearing a multifloreted terminal spikelet and spikelets with additional florets. INT-M/DUB1 encodes an APETALA2-like transcription factor (HvAP2L-H5) that suppresses ectopic and precocious spikelet initiation signals and maintains meristem activity. HvAP2L-H5 inhibits the identity shift of an inflorescence meristem (IM) to a terminal spikelet meristem (TSM) in barley. Null mutations in AP2L-5 lead to fewer spikelets per inflorescence but extra florets per spikelet. In wheat, prolonged and elevated AP2L-A5 activity in rAP2L-A5 mutants delays but does not suppress the IM–TSM transition. We hypothesize that the regulation of AP2L-5 orthologs and downstream genes contributes to the different inflorescence determinacy in barley and wheat. We show that AP2L-5 proteins are evolutionarily conserved in grasses, promote IM activity, and restrict floret number per spikelet. This study provides insights into the regulation of spikelet and floret number, and hence grain yield in barley and wheat.

Transitions between steady dynamical regimes in diverse applications are often modeled using discontinuities, but doing so introduces problems of uniqueness. No matter how quickly a transition occurs, its inner workings can affect the dynamics of the system significantly. Here we discuss the way transitions can be reduced to discontinuities without trivializing them, by preserving so-called hidden terms. We review the fundamental methodology, its motivations, and where their study seems to be heading. We derive a prototype for piecewise-smooth models from the asymptotics of systems with rapid transitions, sharpening Filippov's convex combinations by encoding the tails of asymptotic series into nonlinear dependence on a switching parameter. We present a few examples that illustrate the impact of these on our standard picture of smooth or only piecewise-smooth dynamics.

Using an analytically tractable heterogeneous agent New Keynesian model, we show that whether incomplete markets resolve New Keynesian “paradoxes” depends on the cyclicality of income risk. Incomplete markets reduce the effectiveness of forward guidance and multipliers in a liquidity trap only with procyclical risk. Countercyclical risk amplifies these “puzzles.” Procyclical risk permits determinacy under a peg; countercyclical risk may generate indeterminacy even under the Taylor principle. By affecting the cyclicality of risk, even “passive” fiscal policy influences the effects of monetary policy.

We characterize the determinacy of$F_\\sigma $games of length$\\omega ^2$in terms of determinacy assertions for short games. Specifically, we show that$F_\\sigma $games of length$\\omega ^2$are determined if, and only if, there is a transitive model of${\\mathsf {KP}}+{\\mathsf {AD}}$containing$\\mathbb {R}$and reflecting$\\Pi _1$facts about the next admissible set. As a consequence, one obtains that, over the base theory${\\mathsf {KP}} + {\\mathsf {DC}} + ``\\mathbb {R}$exists,” determinacy for$F_\\sigma $games of length$\\omega ^2$is stronger than${\\mathsf {AD}}$, but weaker than${\\mathsf {AD}} + \\Sigma _1$-separation.

The typical rice (Oryza sativa) spikelet contains a single fertile floret and produces only one grain; by contrast, Brachypodium distachyon spikelets contain multiple fertile florets and produce several grains. To increase yield, rice breeders have traditionally focused on panicle morphology (branch number and length, spikelet density), but have not considered the number of florets in each spikelet. Production of rice spikelets with more florets could further increase the number of grains per panicle. Here, we describe two novel approaches– altering meristem determinacy and restoring lateral floret formation – for breeding rice cultivars with a multifloret spikelet, thereby increasing the number of grains per panicle and potentially improving yield.

This article analyses the impact of strained government finances on macroeconomic stability and the transmission of fiscal policy. Using a variant of the model by Cúrdia and Woodford (2009), we study a 'sovereign risk channel' through which sovereign default risk raises funding costs in the private sector. If monetary policy cannot offset increased credit spreads because it is constrained by the zero lower bound or otherwise, the sovereign risk channel exacerbates indeterminacy problems: private-sector beliefs of a weakening economy may become self-fulfilling. In addition, sovereign risk may amplify the effects of cyclical shocks. Under those conditions, fiscal retrenchment can help curtail the risk of macroeconomic instability and, in extreme cases, even bolster economic activity.

Plants exhibit remarkable physiological and developmental flexibility, enabling continued organogenesis, adaptation to environmental stimuli, and underpinning a vast diversity of shoot architectures. Central to this capacity is the plasticity of plant meristems, that function as dynamic sources of stem cells and define pivotal decision points between indeterminate (sustained) and determinate (finite) growth. Understanding the regulatory networks governing meristem fate is critical for both basic plant science and practical applications in crop architecture and yield optimization. In this review, we focus on the interplay between transcriptional regulators and phytohormone gradients that govern the switch between indeterminacy and determinacy in developing shoot meristems. We explore how regulatory networks converge to produce determinate structures such as flowers and thorns in different angiosperm species.

In this paper, we study the minimal speed of traveling wave solutions for a diffusive three species competition system. Our main concern is the linear determinacy for the minimal speed. We provide some conditions on the parameters of the competition system such that the linear determinacy is assured. The main idea is by studying the linear determinacy of the corresponding approximated lattice dynamical systems and using the discrete Fourier transform. 2010Mathematics Subject Classification: 34K05, 34A34; Secondary: 34K60, 34E05. Key words and phrases: Three species competition system, Lattice dynamical system, Traveling wave, Minimal speed, Linear determinacy.