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"Determinism"
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Determinismo tecnológico e o mito da neutralidade: reflexões sobre os desafios na economia solidária e na tecnologia social brasileira
Neste ensaio refletiu-se sobre o desenvolvimento da técnica e da tecnologia, recorrendo às categorias do ʽdeterminismo tecnológicoʼ e da ʽneutralidade tecnológicaʼ. Analisou-se os principais desafios e efeitos práticos negativos para a efetivação da Economia Solidária e da Tecnologia Social, considerando um desenvolvimento tecnológico marcado pela supervalorização da heterogestão e das tecnologias convencionais. Verificou-se que no Brasil há um determinismo estatal burocrático, devido à passividade, especialmente do Estado, em institucionalizar legalmente a Economia Solidária e a Tecnologia Social. Posteriormente elaborou-se as seguintes propostas para potencializar essas formas organizacionais alternativas, (i) aprovação os Projetos de Lei em tramitação; (ii) transformação das políticas de Governos em políticas de Estado; (iii) paridade na repartição dos subsídios entre as Tecnologias Convencionais e as Tecnologias Sociais; (iv) divulgação das externalidades positivas produzidas pelos projetos de Economia Solidária e de Tecnologia Social; (v) inserção de acadêmicos nos Empreendimentos Econômicos Solidários
Journal Article
I—‘Actual Instead’
It is argued that acceptance of determinism sits badly with the way we use counterfactual conditionals when considering gains and losses in light of how things would have been if such‐and‐such had or had not happened; it is further suggested that one type of indeterminism runs into the same difficulty; also that the difficulty may escape notice through failure to distinguish different uses of counterfactuals.
Journal Article
Philosophical Investigations into the Essence of Human Freedom
Jeff Love and Johannes Schmidt offer a fresh translation of Schelling's enigmatic and influential masterpiece, widely recognized as an indispensable work of German Idealism. The text is an embarrassment of riches—both wildly adventurous and somberly prescient. Martin Heidegger claimed that it was \"one of the deepest works of German and thus also of Western philosophy\" and that it utterly undermined Hegel's monumental Science of Logic before the latter had even appeared in print. Schelling carefully investigates the problem of evil by building on Kant's notion of radical evil, while also developing an astonishingly original conception of freedom and personality that exerted an enormous (if subterranean) influence on the later course of European philosophy from Schopenhauer and Kierkegaard through Heidegger to important contemporary theorists like Slavoj Zðizûek.
This translation of Schelling's notoriously difficult and densely allusive work provides extensive annotations and translations of a series of texts (by Boehme, Baader, Lessing, Jacobi, and Herder), hard to find or previously unavailable in English, whose presence in the Philosophical Investigations is unmistakable and highly significant. This handy study edition of Schelling's masterpiece will prove useful for scholars and students alike.
eBook
Hegel's Critique of Determinism : Justifying Unfreedom as a Moment of Freedom
This thesis argues for the general implausibility of pure determinism by refuting the constitutive logical categories of specific forms of determinism. Pure determinism is understood as the metaphysical thesis that everything is fundamentally externally determined. The underlying categories in question are necessity, causality and objectivity (law). The specific forms of determinism are necessitarian- (or conditional necessity), causal- and metaphysical (or lawful) determinism. The refutation concerning the relevant logical forms or categories is grounded in the systematic conceptual analysis developed in The Science of Logic by G. W. F. Hegel. The second part of the main argument is to show that, although pure or particular forms of determinism may fail, this does not entail that deterministic features as such are thereby dismissed or are unreal. The third part of the argument indicates that such deterministic features are only logically coherent as moments of a structure of self-determination, which means, in turn, that self-determination cannot be fully understood without making explicit its relationship to (other-)determination. While almost nobody theoretically defends the position of determinism, it is invariably used in discussions surrounding freedom, particularly as a contrast or opposition to it. This opposition chiefly takes the positions of compatibilism and incompatibilism. This thesis contends, however, that determinism within such positions remains ill-defined and that, when examined logically, through its constituent categories, there is in fact no consistent concept of determinism one might oppose to freedom. Instead, deterministic features-normally seen to be wholly separate from freedom-form essential moments of it. Hegel's Logic demonstrates, therefore, that external determination or unfreedom is integral to the reality and development of self-determination or freedom as such, whereby the latter is justified through the former, and the former through the latter.
Dissertation
A free will
Where does the notion of free will come from? How and when did it develop, and what did that development involve? In Michael Frede's radically new account of the history of this idea, the notion of a free will emerged from powerful assumptions about the relation between divine providence, correctness of individual choice, and self-enslavement due to incorrect choice. Anchoring his discussion in Stoicism, Frede begins with Aristotle--who, he argues, had no notion of a free will--and ends with Augustine. Frede shows that Augustine, far from originating the idea (as is often claimed), derived most of his thinking about it from the Stoicism developed by Epictetus.
eBook