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This study explores the diverse range of activities undertaken by informal workers and the ways in which these activities can differ in terms of their degree of informality. The methodology is qualitative, based on a case study of mototaxi drivers in Cartagena, Colombia, in order to achieve a more complete description and a holistic analysis of the phenomenon. The paper offers a novel multilevel perspective of informality that encompasses not only legal status but also social and economic aspects, and proposes an integrated approach to understanding informality that accounts for the range of activities undertaken by informal actors.

Logistics performance is an important determinant of economic growth. The present study investigates the moderating role of logistics performance of the logistic infrastructure on economic growth in developing countries. We employ the World Bank computed LPI index in the year 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2018 to measure the logistic performance. The current research includes the 50 developing economies, and a panel data set comprising of total 300 observations is collected. The study used the conventional Cobb-Douglas production function with labor, capital stock as main drivers of economic growth. The study found that the labor and capital endowments have significantly different impacts in terms of elasticity coefficients for developing countries with different logistics performance levels. It implies that logistics performance, i.e., the efficient performance of logistic infrastructure, plays a moderator role in economic growth in developing economies.

This research aims to assess the degree of Algerian economy regarding the indicators of the common features of developing economies, and this is during the period 2000-2021. The focus was on the main and pivotal economic indicators that characterize most developing economies. To address the topic, the descriptive approach was used, and the official statistical data were relied upon by government agencies and some international websites, where we concluded that the Algerian economy remains characterized by the common features of developing economies, and thus remains within the circle of developing economies, with very weak indications of exit from this circle.

Global climate change due to increasing CO2 emissions threatens the development and survival of many countries, especially those on the coast. Intentional government spending by sectors can lower CO2 emissions to help these countries in sustainable development. Meanwhile, governance has some importance in enabling governments to achieve their economic development goals. Does governance affect the public spending - CO2 emissions nexus in developing economies? The paper seeks answers by employing the system GMM Arellano-Bond estimators to assess the impact of public spending, governance/institutional quality, and their tion on CO2 for a sample of 109 developing economies between 2002 and 2021. The results seem counter-intuitive that public spending reduces and governance increases CO2 emissions, while their interaction lowers them. Furthermore, private investment and economic growth promote CO2 emissions, while trade openness decreases them. The findings in this paper provide some policy lessons for governments of developing economies to protect environment.

While the coronavirus was a global health crisis, it also generated enormous socio-economic challenges such as trading, buying and selling, socio-economic meltdown, health sector breakdown, poor housing facilities, poverty, unemployment, low income, inequality, and epileptic power supply, amongst others, in developing countries like Nigeria. This paper interrogates the political economy of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) on socio-economic development in Nigeria from 2019-2022. The paper relied on qualitative methods using documentary research methods (analysis of secondary data from Nigeria's Bureau of Statistics, the Central Bank of Nigeria, the NCDC report, the World Bank/IMF post-COVID-19 report, ECOWAS, the AU, WHO reports, and reputable journals). Findings revealed, among others, that Nigeria, being a revenue economy, suffered greatly from COVID-19 because it affected the economy's development, diaspora remittance, and the health status of the nation due to the fall in oil prices, the shutdown of businesses, and the inflation of goods and services. On the positive side, the coronavirus-induced public health crisis provided a chance for many state governments to implement long-term public health reforms. The paper recommends, among other things, that the government intensify tremendous efforts to get support for strengthening production in the manufacturing industries as a way of implementing a post-COVID-19 economic recovery strategy. The Federal and State governments of Nigeria (ministry of health, budget and planning, EFCC/ICPC, and the National Assembly) need a paradigm shift from traditionalism (corruption and embesslement of public funds) to modernity (technologically driven society, accountability, transparency, investment in human capital development, diversification of the economy, investment in the health sector, and advancement in technology in tertiary institutions). There is a lot more that can be learned about how COVID-19 affected Nigeria's socioeconomic development from the research in this paper. The study shows the many problems the country is facing by looking into specific issues like how the problems affect the economy, how many jobs are lost, how incomes are uneven, and how hard it is on the healthcare and education systems. This study is especially useful for larger projects or issues that are interested in responding to and recovering from pandemics. It gives useful information that can help policymakers, government agencies, and international groups come up with plans to lessen the pandemic's effects on society and the economy. However, the results give a more complex picture of how weak Nigeria's economic and social systems are, showing precisely what needs to be fixed. The COVID-19 pandemic and aftermath have had a huge effect on Nigeria's socioeconomic growth, affecting many parts of the country's economy and society. One of the biggest problems has been the disruption of the economy, which has caused people to lose their jobs and see big differences in their incomes. Due to lockdowns, many companies, especially small and medium-sized ones, had to close or cut back on their hours, which hurt people's ability to make a living and made poverty worse. Nigeria's healthcare infrastructure was already weak, but the pandemic made it even weaker, making it harder to respond effectively to the health problem. The stress on healthcare systems has not only caused more deaths linked to COVID-19, but it has also taken resources away from other health problems, which has made the overall effect on public health worse. Also, there were problems in conditional cash transfers or remittances from the diaspora to Nigeria. the education industry because schools had to close to stop the virus from spreading. Because not all students have the same access to online learning tools, this break in learning could make educational gaps bigger, as some tertiary institutions are still struggling to balance the academic calendar to cope with newly admitted students in 2019-2020 and 2020-2023. On the plus side, the pandemic made people more aware of how important it is for countries to be diverse and strong. It showed how important it is to put money into social safety nets, healthcare, and technology to prepare for future shocks. The Nigerian government's reaction, which includes economic recovery plans and stimulus packages, shows that they are trying to deal with the many problems that the pandemic has caused and build a stronger and more inclusive social and economic landscape.

This paper examines the importance of trade openness for attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows, using a sample of 36 developing economies for the period 1990–2008. It provides a direct test of causality between FDI inflows, trade openness and other key variables in developing regions of the world: Latin America, Asia, Africa, CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) and Eastern Europe. Trade openness is measured by using eight different indicators. The main empirical findings of the panel regression analysis reveal that in the long run, trade openness contributes positively to the inflow of FDI in developing economies.

In order to promote the transformation and development of China's economy and cope with the realistic challenges posed by the global economic recession and slowing domestic economic growth, the Fourth Session of the 12th National People's Congress adopted a strategic resolution on developing the \"new economy\" and fostering new drivers of growth. Chengdu, capital of Sichuan province, is one of the cities in China which firstly begin to carry out the layout of the new economy development. While achieving results, it also faces many troubles due to its insufficient cognition of the connotation, definition, and path of the \"new economy.\" The paper is based on a theoretical study in combination with the new economic development of Chengdu's five new paths, to analyze the concept and connotation of the \"new economy.\" It also analyzes from the perspective of higher dimensional reconstruction and new strategic path of economic development, in order to add some insights to the theorectical study and to promote better strategic value of the new economy.

Chen, B. and Guo, X., 2020. Public-private partnership and transport infrastructure investment efficiency: Evidence from countries along the 21st-century maritime silk road. In: Li, L. and Huang, X. (eds.), Sustainable Development in Coastal Regions: A Perspective of Environment, Economy, and Technology. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 112, pp. 269-274. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. The 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road Initiative blazes a new path for countries to cooperate for mutual benefits, and transport infrastructure has become the main battlefield for investment. With data from 2000 to 2017, the research adopts Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) to evaluate transport infrastructure investment efficiency of 20 countries along the route. The results show that the average investment efficiency is 0.552 which is in the state of inefficiency, exposing the problems of efficiency loss and resource waste, but still, a yearly increasing trend is evident. The investment efficiency of the developed countries is notably higher, revealing remarkable regional discrepancy and imbalance of development. The research also reveals the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) and the Initiative's positive effect on investment efficiency by empirical examinations. PPP has helped improve investment efficiency overall but PPP in different transport sectors has heterogeneous effect that road and port PPP can significantly promote investment efficiency. The Initiative has also boosted investment efficiency along the route, especially for developing countries. All this proves the superiority and necessity of PPP and the far-reaching significance of this valuable initiative for the sustainable development of all countries.

Stable political environment and prominent development of political institutions increase foreign direct investment flows by providing lower risks for investors. However, this impact can vary according to the development of the country. This study aims to investigate the impact of various indicators of political stability on foreign direct investment attraction for different economies distinguished by their development level. Our database includes 66 FDI-recipient countries and 98 FDI-investing countries for the period from 2001 to 2018. By applying the gravity approach and Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood method with instrumental variables (IV PPML), we model bilateral FDI flows, incorporating variables reflecting various aspects of political stability formed by the principal components analysis. Interestingly, we found mixed results regarding the impact of political stability on FDI flows. In particular, political stability indicators were found to be insignificant, when analysing the bilateral FDI flows for the group of developed economies. We obtained similar result for the group of developing economies. However, political stability variables significantly influence FDI flows for countries with different development level, confirming the hypothesis that countries’ development affects bilateral FDI flows. Besides, we discover the significant difference between developed and developing countries referring to FDI-investors. Based on the obtained results, we highlight a few policy implications for developing and developed economies.

This paper uses national representative data from the Ecuadorian Family Expenditure survey to study the determinants of poverty and informality in the country, taking into account the two-way relationship between these two phenomena. The main contribution of this paper is to present new empirical evidence on this relationship for a developing country where more than 60% of workers are in the informal sector. The results support the view of a heterogeneous informal market, in which informal work is both a demand-led phenomenon and a voluntary and primarily supply-led form of employment.