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Staging third molar development is commonly used for age assessment in sub-adults. Current staging techniques are, at most, semi-automated and rely on manual interactions prone to operator variability. The aim of this study was to fully automate the staging process by employing the full potential of deep learning, using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in every step of the procedure. The dataset used to train the CNNs consisted of 400 panoramic radiographs (OPGs), with 20 OPGs per developmental stage per sex, staged in consensus between three observers. The concepts of transfer learning, using pre-trained CNNs, and data augmentation were used to mitigate the issues when dealing with a limited dataset. In this work, a three-step procedure was proposed and the results were validated using fivefold cross-validation. First, a CNN localized the geometrical center of the lower left third molar, around which a square region of interest (ROI) was extracted. Second, another CNN segmented the third molar within the ROI. Third, a final CNN used both the ROI and the segmentation to classify the third molar into its developmental stage. The geometrical center of the third molar was found with an average Euclidean distance of 63 pixels. Third molars were segmented with an average Dice score of 93%. Finally, the developmental stages were classified with an accuracy of 54%, a mean absolute error of 0.69 stages, and a linear weighted Cohen’s kappa coefficient of 0.79. The entire automated workflow on average took 2.72 s to compute, which is substantially faster than manual staging starting from the OPG. Taking into account the limited dataset size, this pilot study shows that the proposed fully automated approach shows promising results compared with manual staging.

\"Helps parents understand--and constructively handle--the underlying issues affecting their sons. A renowned expert on ADHD explains how to deal with a conflicted boy who really wants to do well, discover hidden obstacles to his success, develop his confidence, and empower him to accept responsibility for his own future\"-- Provided by publisher.

•Our study first applied a novel similarity network method (MIND) to investigate the intricate interplay between brain macrostructure abnormalities and specific transcriptional expression patterns for EOS patients.•Major MIND differences of EOS patients focused on the orbitofrontal cortex, pericalcarine cortex, lingual gyrus, and multiple networks.•PLS2- genes were enriched in metabolism-related pathways, specific astrocytes, cortical layers, and posterior developmental stages.•PLS2+ genes were enriched in synapses signaling-related pathways and early developmental stages but not in special cell types or layers. Early-onset Schizophrenia (EOS) is a profoundly progressive psychiatric disorder characterized by both positive and negative symptoms, whose pathogenesis is influenced by genes, environment and brain structure development. In this study, the MIND (Morphometric Inverse Divergence) network was employed to explore the relationship between morphological similarity and specific transcriptional expression patterns in EOS patients. This study involved a cohort of 187 participants aged between 7 and 17 years, consisting of 97 EOS patients and 90 healthy controls (HC). Multiple morphological features were used to construct the MIND network for all participants. Furthermore, we explored the associations between MIND network and brain-wide gene expression in EOS patients through partial least squares (PLS) regression, shared genetic predispositions with other psychiatric disorders, functional enrichment of PLS weighted genes, as well as transcriptional signature assessment of cell types, cortical layers, and developmental stages. The MIND showed similarity differences in the orbitofrontal cortex, pericalcarine cortex, lingual gyrus, and multiple networks in EOS patients compared to HC. Moreover, our exploration revealed a significant overlap of PLS2 weighted genes linking to EOS-related MIND differences and the dysregulated genes reported in other psychiatric diseases. Interestingly, genes correlated with MIND changes (PLS2-) exhibited a significant enrichment not only in metabolism-related pathways, but also in specific astrocytes, cortical layers (specifically layer I and III), and posterior developmental stages (late infancy to young adulthood stages). However, PLS2+ genes were primarily enriched in synapses signaling-related pathways and early developmental stages (from early-mid fetal to neonatal early infancy) but not in special cell types or layers. These findings provide a novel perspective on the intricate relationship between macroscopic morphometric structural abnormalities and microscopic transcriptional patterns during the onset and progression of EOS.

\"From building blocks to city blocks, an eye-opening exploration of how children's playthings and physical surroundings affect their development. Parents obsess over their children's playdates, kindergarten curriculum, and every bump and bruise, but the toys, classrooms, playgrounds, and neighborhoods little ones engage with are just as important. These objects and spaces encode decades, even centuries of changing ideas about what makes for good child-rearing--and what does not. Do you choose wooden toys, or plastic, or, increasingly, digital? What do youngsters lose when seesaws are deemed too dangerous and slides are designed primarily for safety? How can the built environment help children cultivate self-reliance? In these debates, parents, educators, and kids themselves are often caught in the middle. Now, prominent design critic Alexandra Lange reveals the surprising histories behind the human-made elements of our children's pint-size landscape. Her fascinating investigation shows how the seemingly innocuous universe of stuff affects kids' behavior, values, and health, often in subtle ways. And she reveals how years of decisions by toymakers, architects, and urban planners have helped--and hindered--American youngsters' journeys toward independence. Seen through Lange's eyes, everything from the sandbox to the street becomes vibrant with buried meaning. Perfect for parents, educators, and anyone interested in design and architecture, [this book] will change the way you view the world--by showing it to you through children's eyes.\"--Jacket.

A suitable reference gene is an important prerequisite for guarantying accurate and reliable results in qPCR analysis. Celery is one of the representative vegetable in Apiaceae and is widely cultivated and consumed in the world. However, no reports have been previously published concerning reference genes in celery. In this study, the expression stabilities of nine candidate reference genes in leaf blade and petiole at different development stages were evaluated using three statistics algorithms geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper. Our results showed that TUB-B, TUB-A, and UBC were the most reference genes among all tested samples. GAPDH represented the maximum stability for most individual sample, while the UBQ displayed the minimum stability. To further validate the stability of reference genes, the expression pattern of AgAP2-2 was calculated by using the selected genes for normalization. In addition, the expression patterns of several development-related genes were studied using the selected reference gene. Our results will be beneficial for further studies on gene transcription in celery.

\"In this groundbreaking book, parenting expert and acclaimed author of the bestselling book Simplicity Parenting Kim John Payne, M.Ed., flips the script on children's challenging or defiant behavior and lays out an elegantly simple plan to support parents in establishing loving, age-sensitive boundaries that help children feel safe and settled. In short: What looks like misbehavior is actually your children's signal that they're feeling lost, that they are trying to find direction and looking to you to guide them back on course. Payne gives parents heartwarming help and encouragement by combining astute observations with sensitive and often funny stories from his long career as a parent educator and a school and family counselor. In accessible language, he explains the relevance of current brain- and child-development studies to day-to-day parenting. Breaking the continuum of childhood into three stages, Payne says that parents need to play three different roles, each corresponding to one of those stages, to help steer children through their emotional growth and inevitable challenging times: The Governor, who is comfortably and firmly in charge--setting limits and making decisions for the early years up to around the age of eight The Gardener, who watches for emotional growth and makes decisions based on careful listening, assisting tweens in making plans that take the whole family's needs into account The Guide, who is both a sounding board and moral compass for emerging adults, helping teens build a sense of their life's direction as a way to influence healthy decision making Practical and rooted in common sense, The Soul of Discipline gives parents permission to be warm and nurturing but also calm and firm (not overreactive). It gives clear, doable strategies to get things back on track for parents who sense that their children's behavior has fallen into a troubling pattern. And best of all, it provides healthy direction to the entire family so parents can spend less time and energy on outmoded, punitive discipline and more on connecting with and enjoying their kids. Praise for Kim John Payne's Simplicity Parenting \"[Payne is] like a master closet reorganizer for the soul.\"--Time \"If you are raising children in these anxious times, you need this book. It will inspire you, reassure you, and, most important, it will remind you that less is more.\"--Katrina Kenison, author of The Gift of an Ordinary Day \"Including practical strategies for turning down the volume and creating a pace that fosters calmness, mindfulness, reflection, and individuality in children, Simplicity Parenting should be on every parent's (indeed, every person's) reading list.\"--Kathleen A. Brehony, Ph.D., author of Awakening at Midlife \"Brilliant, wise, informative, innovative, entertaining, and urgently needed, this timely book is a godsend for all who love children, and for children themselves. It provides a doable plan for providing the kind of childhood that kids desperately need today!\"--Edward M. Hallowell, M.D., author of The Childhood Roots of Adult Happiness\"-- Provided by publisher.

Animal experimentation helps us to understand human biology. Rodents and, in particular, rats are among the most common animals used in animal experiments. Reporting data on animal age, animal body weight, and animal postnatal developmental stages is not consistent, which can cause the failure to translate animal data to humans. This review summarizes age-related postnatal developmental stages in rats by addressing age-related changes in their body weights. The age and body weight of animals can affect drug metabolism, gene expression, metabolic parameters, and other dependent variables measured in animal studies. In addition, considering the age and the body weight of the animals is of particular importance in animal modeling of human diseases. Appropriate reporting of age, body weight, and the developmental stage of animals used in studies can improve animal to human translation.

\"Being a good parent is one of the most difficult, yet most rewarding, jobs a person can have in his or her lifetime. Being the parent of a teen is an especially daunting phase of the journey. As parents begin to notice the significant changes that come with adolescence (physical changes brought about by puberty, the constant angst and moodiness, and of course the classic eye-rolling and the I-know-it-all attitude), they wonder just what happened to their happy, sweet, and affectionate young boy or girl. Parents sit by amazed-and often lost and unprepared-as they witness their child morph and mutate into a full-blown pubescent display of emotions. The Angst of Adolescence: How to Parent Your Teen and Live to Laugh About It, written in a conversational, informative, humorous and relatable style, promises to deliver trustworthy resource for parents of teens who are searching for answers and guidance about how to maneuver their way through this tricky developmental period. Dr. Sara Villanueva, a prominent psychologist specializing in the adolescent years, shares relevant research findings so that parents can be informed of the facts as opposed to making assumptions based on ubiquitous but questionable sources. Most of all it will provide parents of teenagers with prospective in the midst of angst so they can come away with the sense that: They are not alone in their experience of raising teens; many, many people have gone through it and we can all relate to and learn from one another. Most of what your teen is feeling and expressing is normal and falls within the expected range of behavior for adolescent development. Despite the challenges involved in parenting teens, we should take time to focus on the positive things in life and live with our child through the tough adolescent years so that we emerge on the other side with friendship and a deeper bond. As a psychologist and mother of four, the author shares both research-based and first-hand advice on how to navigate the teen years and live to laugh about it\"-- Provided by publisher.

In the last few decades, microplastics (MPs) have been among the emerging environmental pollutants that have received serious attention from scientists and the general population due to their wide range of potentially harmful effects on living organisms. MPs may originate from primary sources (micro-sized plastics manufactured on purpose) and secondary sources (breakdown of large plastic items through physical, chemical, and biological processes). Consequently, serious concerns are escalating because MPs can be easily disseminated and contaminate environments, including terrestrial, air, groundwater, marine, and freshwater systems. Furthermore, an exposure to even low doses of MPs during the early developmental stage may induce long-term health effects, even later in life. Accordingly, this study aims to gather the current evidence regarding the effects of MPs exposure on vital body systems, including the digestive, reproductive, central nervous, immune, and circulatory systems, during the early developmental stage. In addition, this study provides essential information about the possible emergence of various diseases later in life (i.e., adulthood).