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Soil amendment with phosphatic fertilizers (50 or 100%) as basal is susceptible to fixation losses, leading to low phosphorus use efficiency (PUE). Consequently, foliar spraying of di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) up to 2% is preferred for rainfed cotton. In addition, it has been reported that nano-fertilizers facilitate a steady release of nutrients, enhance nutrient uptake, and boost nutrient use efficiency, ultimately resulting in increased crop yields and profitability. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the foliar efficacy of DAP formulations to increase the growth, yield and nutrient uptake in rainfed cotton grown in black calcareous soils with graded levels. The field experiment consists of 13 treatment combinations with 3 replications, which were laid out via randomized complete block design (RCBD) during the kharif seasons of 2023 and 2024. These include varying levels (100, 75, 50%) of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) with foliar spray (FS) of nano DAP one time at 45 DAS, two-times at 45 and 60 DAS, foliar spraying of DAP one time at 45 DAS, two-times at 60 DAS and a water spray (control 0% RDF). Nano-DAP (2% N, 5% P₂O₅) and DAP (18% N, 46% P₂O₅) were sprayed in both the years. In 2023 and 2024, the treatment T 4 (nano-DAP FS two times + 100% RDF), increased seed cotton (SC) and seed cotton yield (SCY) by (19.7, 15.7%) and (13.3, 12.9%), respectively, compared to T 1 (DAP FS one time + 100% RDF). Similarly, root length (10.9, 9.8%), boll weight (10.8, 13.8%) and seeds boll − 1 (9.8, 10.0%) in T 4 were increased compared to T 1 in 2023 and 2024. Reducing the RDF by 25%, i.e., T 8 (nano-DAP FS two times + 75% RDF), increased both the SC and SCY by 16.2, 3.8% and by 4.7, 10.0%, respectively, in both consecutive years compared to T 1 . However, seed index and fibre quality were not significantly influenced by foliar spraying of the DAP formulations. Economic analysis revealed significantly higher gross monetary returns of US$ 2490, US$ 2696 and net monetary returns of US$ 1422, US$ 1660 and benefit-cost ratio of 1.45, 1.63 were recorded in T 4 during 2023 and 2024, respectively. Among all the treatments, T 4 treatment also resulted in significantly higher profitability (ha − 1 day − 1 ) of US$ 9.82 and US$ 11.06. Foliar spraying of DAP formulations combined with varying RDF levels improved the growth, yield, nutrient uptake and use efficiency, economic viability of rainfed cotton. Nevertheless, these parameters were statistically comparable to those observed in T 1 . However, T 4 achieved the highest NMR and benefit-cost ratio compared to T 1 over both the years of experimentation. However, T 4 (nano-DAP FS two times + 100% RDF) resulted in the highest benefit-cost ratio and per day profitability compared to other treatments.

Background Rice-fallow agroecosystems face challenges such as poor soil fertility and low crop productivity. This study evaluates a multi-species bacterial consortium—comprising atypical rhizobia ( Pararhizobium giardinii , Ochrobactrum sp.) and non-rhizobial endophytes ( Serratia plymuthica , Serratia sp.)—for improving lentil cultivation in these soils. Multilocation field trials assessed its effects on plant growth, soil nutrients, microbial diversity, and nifH gene expression in nodules. The goal is to offer a sustainable, biologically based alternative to chemical fertilizers like diammonium phosphate (DAP), enhancing soil health and enabling lentil intensification on fallow land. Results In greenhouse pot experiments, the bacterial consortium increased lentil growth by 166% in sterile and 116% in non-sterile soils compared to the uninoculated control. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed enhanced root hair development in treated plants. Further, the consortium treatment modulated the root exudate profiles, which demonstrated higher concentrations of fatty acids, triterpenes, and methyl esters. This markedly affected the composition of the rhizosphere microbial population. The consortium facilitated a proliferation of beneficial taxa, including Mesorhizobium , Rhizobium , and Bradyrhizobium , enhancing synergistic microbial interactions associated with enhanced plant development. The bacterial treatment increased nifH gene expression inside root nodules and augmented leghemoglobin content by 275%. Field experiments at five rice-fallow sites exhibited enhancements in soil pH, organic carbon (16%), nitrogen (6.5%), phosphorus (8%), and enzymatic activity. Meta-transcriptomic analysis demonstrated a 200% augmentation in nifH expression inside the root nodules, in the plots treated with the consortium. 16 S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed that the microbiota in the rhizosphere and nodules was predominantly composed of Pseudomonadota, with elevated numbers of rhizobia in both environments. Microbiome alterations correlated with a significant yield increase, with lentil grain output reaching 1168 kg/ha, surpassing both the uninoculated control and DAP treatment. Conclusions The study showed that a multi-species bacterial consortium of atypical rhizobia and non-rhizobial endophytes (NREs) improved plant growth and soil health in rice-fallow soils. It enhanced nifH gene expression in root nodules and altered root exudation, fostering a beneficial, plant growth-promoting microbial community. Importantly, these effects were achieved without chemical fertilizers, highlighting the consortium’s potential for sustainable lentil intensification on fallow land.

This study aims to examine the relationship between domestic and international prices of di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) and urea fertilisers together with exchange rates in Türkiye using the non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model on monthly data for the period of January 2011 to September 2022. The result of the study provides empirical evidence about the presence of asymmetries in the short and long-run among these fertilisers. The findings of the study confirm that international prices of di-ammonium phosphate and urea fertilisers have a symmetric effect in the long-run and exchange rate of the Turkish lira to US dollars has an asymmetric effect on the domestic prices of fertilisers in the short run. This is the first study in Türkiye to delineate the dynamic simultaneous interaction among these markets and its findings can be extremely useful for academicians, and policymakers to make decisions regarding the market structure of countries that do not have sufficient domestic resources for fertiliser supply and are dependent on imports.

The aim of this this research is to verify the suitability of some treatments based on ammonium oxalate and ammonium phosphate for the consolidation and protection of the internal entrance of Palazzo Verita Montanari (1583) in Verona, made of Avesa Stone. Different application protocols of the two products have been compared (the product alone, in mutual sequence, in mixture). The efficacy and limitations of the treatments are discussed on the basis of the results obtained with various types of diagnostic analyzes, invasive and non-invasive, as part of a laboratory experimentation carried out on specimens of the same carbonate stone.

Phosphorus is an essential nutrient vital for the growth of plants, rapidly becomes immobile and inaccessible to plants when applied as fertilizer. Rock phosphate (RP), abundantly present in Indian soils, serves as phosphate source. Phosphate-solubilizing fungi (PSF) possess the capacity to solubilize insoluble forms of phosphate, rendering it bioavailable and thereby enhancing plant growth. PSF were isolated and screened based on in vitro plant growth-promoting traits. The best-performing strain was identified using molecular tools. The phosphate-solubilizing capacity of the selected isolate was assessed in vitro. A 2-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of RP and PSF, alone or together on fenugreek in red laterite soil. The result was compared against the use of chemical fertilizer (di-ammonium phosphate) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus ( Funneliformis mosseae ) focusing primarily on crop yield and soil fertility. Six PSF were obtained among them AP2 was selected and identified as Aspergillus fumigatus . AP2 demonstrated significant growth promoting properties and effectively solubilized various insoluble phosphate forms. Additionally, AP2 produced acid phosphatase and various organic acids while growing with different insoluble phosphate. The combined application of AP2 alongside RP fertilization showed enhanced growth and total phosphate uptake in fenugreek, surpassing the effects of other treatments. Moreover, soil fertility exhibited notable improvement where AP2 were inoculated alongside RP fertilization compared to other treatments. The findings suggested that incorporating AP2 with RP fertilization offers a promising solution for farmers seeking to reduce dependence on chemical phosphorus fertilizers while advocating for environmentally-friendly agricultural practice.

Wheat is one of the leading staple crops in many countries. Phosphorus (P) plays an important role for wheat growth and yield as it takes part in many metabolic pathways. Even for soluble phosphatic fertilizers, most of the Pakistani soils, being alkaline and calcareous in nature, show phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) not more than 10–25%. The major issue is the unavailability of P due to fixation and precipitation reactions with soil particles. Composting of rock-phosphate with animal and poultry manures supplied with bio-stimulated phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) not only enhances the RP solubilization but also serves as a potent source of P for plants. Composted/bio-activated rock-phosphate (B-RP), prepared by group of three bacterial strains i.e., Pseudomonas sp. (E11), Bacillus sp. (MN54) and Enterobacter sp. (MN17) aided with molasses (5%) and urea (10%), was tested alone and in various combinations with di-ammonium phosphate (DAP). In this pot trial, the combined application of B-RP and DAP was found superior to the sole application of B-RP. Even the combination of B-RP and DAP sharing equal amount of recommended P showed better results as compared to the sole application of DAP, giving improved shoot biomass (25%), total P-uptake (67%), recovery efficiency of P (75%), dry matter (29%), crude protein (29%), and other yield, physiological and nutritional quality parameters of wheat. So, it could be concluded that integrated use of B-RP and DAP with equal proportion of recommended P could serve as a better management practice for not only improving quantity but also the quality of the wheat grain.

Synchronization of nutrient release from fertilizers and plant nutrient demand could optimize the nutrient use efficiency and crop productivity, particularly for nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). N and P both have low nutrient use efficiency, while P has a use efficiency of only 15–20%. Four oil formulations (Oil-1, Oil-2, Oil-3 and Oil-4) were prepared from double-boiled linseed oil (DBLO) and mustard oil (MO) at different mass proportions. Oil formulations were characterized physically by observing surface wrinkle formation using Otsu’s algorithm for binary threshold images. Commercial di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) was coated with prepared oil formulations at 0, 4 and 8% (w/w) and assessed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while their nutrient release pattern in soil was studied at different temperatures (20 and 30°C) regimes. Finally net house pot culture experiment was conducted with wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) at different P doses (0, 25 and 50 mg P kg −1 soil) and P sources (uncoated DAP, 4%-Oil-1-DAP, 8%-Oil-1-DAP) with/without Aspergillus awamori . The binary threshold image directed Oil-1 had the lowest surface wrinkle, and SEM images also depicted Oil-1 coated DAP which had smooth surface morphology. Soil incubation data indicated that N is more temperature sensitive than P, and surface coating with oil formulation could extend the period of nutrient release. During soil incubation of oil formulation-coated DAP, N and P release was comparatively slow at higher coating levels. In pot culture experiment, the wheat grain, straw yield, relative chlorophyll, grain protein, soil mineral N, available P, inorganic P and dehydrogenase activity were significantly improved with the increased doses of P and A. awamori inoculation; however, microbial inoculation had non-significant effects on crop and soil parameters. Except post-harvest soil organic P, other parameters were strongly and positively correlated with grain yield of wheat. Coating with hydrophobic oil formulation could extend the nutrient release period with minimal intervention. In terms of crop and soil parameters, both 4%-Oil-1-DAP and 8%-Oil-1-DAP treated pots performed better than the uncoated DAP, but 4%-Oil-1-DAP could be considered as best for annual crops like wheat. For perennial crops, higher coating level could be more beneficial.

ObjectivePhosphorous (P) sources with greater bioavailability might increase animal production efficiency and decrease environmental pollution. The objective of current study was to determine animal performance, nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites and fecal P concentration in finishing lambs fed a diet with either di-calcium phosphate (DCP) or di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) as a P source.MethodsTwelve 4-month-old male lambs (initial body weight 24.87±3.4 kg) were randomly allocated to a diet with either DCP or DAP (~261 g/kg of total diet P) fed ad libitum for 93 days. Diets were iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic and had same calcium (Ca) and P concentrations.ResultsThe DAP contained 19.7 g/kg of dry matter (DM) Ca, 185.4 g/kg DM P and 14,623 ppm fluorine, while DCP contained 230.3 g/kg DM Ca, 195.2 g/kg DM P and 1,039 ppm fluorine. The diet with DAP contained 60 ppm fluorine while the diet with DCP contained 13 ppm fluorine. Lambs fed the diet with DAP tended to have a greater daily DM intake compared to those fed diet with DCP (p = 0.09). Lambs fed DAP had greater plasma P concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity (p≤0.01) compared with lambs fed DCP. Dry matter and organic matter digestibility of the diets were similar between two treatments at days 60 and 90, while they were greater in lambs fed DCP (p<0.05) at day 30 of the trial. Feeding DAP increased P digestibility (58.7% vs 50.2%; p<0.05) and decreased fecal P concentration in lambs compared with feeding DCP (3.1 vs 3.8 g/kg DM; p<0.05).ConclusionProviding ~261 g/kg of total diet P as DAP in the diet of finishing lambs improved the bioavailability of P in the body and decreased excretion of P in feces without affecting lamb performance.

Caracterul slab ignifug al ţesăturii din bumbac reprezintă unul din principalele sale dezavantaje. Există numeroase soluţii de ignifugare care au fost dezvoltate si aplicate pe ţesătura de bumbac. Cu toate acestea, cele mai multe dintre ele sunt fie mai puţin eficiente, fie sunt toxice, conţin formaldehidă sau halogen. In acest studiu, acidul citric chimic bio este polimerizat cu dihidrogenfosfat de amoniu. Au fost optimizaţi diferiţi parametri, cum ar fi nivelul acidului citric, hidrogenofosfatului de amoniu si temperatura de polimerizare. Ţesătura tratată cu reţeta optimizată recent dezvoltată a prezentat o lungime si o lăţime superioară a zonei de carbonizare, un indice limită de oxigen % si un unghi de revenire din sifonare, mai bun, În comparaţie cu un produs ignifug convenţional toxic pe bază de formaldehidă. Analizele SEM si FTIR au confirmat, de asemenea, aplicarea cu succes a polimerului pe ţesătura tratată.