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The availability of large annotated corpora from social media and the development of powerful classification approaches have contributed in an unprecedented way to tackle the challenge of monitoring users’ opinions and sentiments in online social platforms across time. Such linguistic data are strongly affected by events and topic discourse, and this aspect is crucial when detecting phenomena such as hate speech, especially from a diachronic perspective. We address this challenge by focusing on a real case study: the “Contro l’odio” platform for monitoring hate speech against immigrants in the Italian Twittersphere. We explored the temporal robustness of a BERT model for Italian (AlBERTo), the current benchmark on non-diachronic detection settings. We tested different training strategies to evaluate how the classification performance is affected by adding more data temporally distant from the test set and hence potentially different in terms of topic and language use. Our analysis points out the limits that a supervised classification model encounters on data that are heavily influenced by events. Our results show how AlBERTo is highly sensitive to the temporal distance of the fine-tuning set. However, with an adequate time window, the performance increases, while requiring less annotated data than a traditional classifier.

Los roles de género son claves para comprender las construcciones socioculturales y las relaciones de poder en torno al patrimonio cultural. En el caso de las sociedades mayas, tanto antiguas como contemporáneas, nociones como dualidad o complementariedad de género ofrecen un marco para analizar cómo se conceptualizan, valoran y transmiten las expresiones materiales e inmateriales. Este artículo presenta un estudio diacrónico de las menciones y representaciones relativas al género en fuentes arqueológicas, escritas, iconográficas y antropológicas, con el objetivo de ofrecer una mirada situada sobre estos roles en el área maya. A partir de ello, se busca contribuir a la descentralización del androcentrismo en los estudios sobre el patrimonio cultural, incorporando perspectivas originarias sobre el género y el poder que han sido históricamente invisibilizadas. En ese sentido, se enfatiza la importancia de reconocer las particularidades mayas con respecto al género, para ampliar la comprensión de los procesos de puesta en valor, frecuentemente abordados desde una visión parcial centrada en lo masculino.

The field of organizational leadership has made significant progress in recent years, resulting in a substantial corpus of literature. Nevertheless, the African context continues to face challenges in the development of organizational leaders. This discrepancy underscores the necessity of additional research to investigate the leadership dynamics within the continent. This study seeks to address the knowledge gap on leadership's important role in solving Africa's organizational difficulties through a structured review process that ensures a reproducible and thorough synthesis of current literature. This article reviews 515 leadership studies conducted in Africa from 1960 to 2019. The purpose of this study was to broaden the understanding of leadership in the following ways: (i) Clarify the number and nature of organizational leadership studies in Africa vis-à-vis other leadership domains; (ii) Coding and categorize the theoretical and nomological network of organizational leadership articles in Africa; (iii) Provide a comprehensive analysis of the findings to comprehend the holistic research representation of organizational leadership in Africa; and (iv) Examine the instruments and methodologies employed in studies to assess organizational leadership on the continent. The outcomes have a dual purpose. Descriptive diachronic analysis allows scholars to explore an extensive collection of historical leadership literature. This article identifies four explanatory claims about African leadership research through a synchronic analysis. These are: (i) There is a notable scarcity of studies focusing on organizational leadership in Africa; (ii) Emic leadership scale development is a rarity; (iii) The effectiveness of techniques about organizational leadership development in Africa is debatable; and (iv) Many of the functions that managers are expected to fulfill are covered by organizational leadership theory. This comprehensive review significantly advances our efforts to understand and improve African organizational leadership practices.

This paper approaches the corpus of the Dead Sea Scrolls with the aim of underlining how a form of prophecy after (or besides) prophets is constructed in Second Temple Judaism. In contrast and parallel with other religions (saliently Islam), where prophecy is “sealed” and closed after a given event, Judaism links prophecy to text in the process of constructing an authorized corpus, as may be seen in phenomena such as the development of certain forms of exegesis. Nevertheless, some groups, like the Qumran community, give a central role to figures that are, at the very least, typologically related to early (biblical) prophets. I will approach these parallels in a systematic way, trying to define how text and inspiration are involved in the construction of prophets by another name in the corpus.

Contrary to the widespread notion that linguistic signs are arbitrary, researchers have consistently demonstrated the existence of sound symbolism in language, providing evidence for non-arbitrariness in sound-meaning associations. However, much evidence of this kind is based on a limited subset of vocabulary and falls short of systematically demonstrating the pervasive nature of sound symbolism and, especially, its central, rather than marginal, role in language. Furthermore, a historical perspective is lacking to determine whether sound symbolism is merely a feature of archaic languages or has remained a significant element throughout the evolution of languages. This research pioneers a diachronic analysis of sound symbolism in Chinese using historical rhyme books to trace its presence on the vocabulary scale. Employing natural language processing techniques along with statistical methods, it investigates whether phonologically related Chinese characters, as documented in rhyme books, also demonstrate semantic congruence, which would suggest that the phonological aspects of characters are inherently meaningful and hence indicate a systematic, rather than random or purely arbitrary relationship between sounds and meanings. Statistically significant results from our analysis of all four analyzed rhyme books confirm the robustness of sound symbolism over a large span of the Chinese language continuum, and a granular analysis of a representative one of them further reveals that sound symbolism is manifest across various levels of phonological organization, including initials, finals, etc. This study initiates an innovative combination of traditional materials with novel techniques to enrich and expand existing knowledge about sound symbolism, providing both methodological advancement and empirical insights.

This study investigated the phrasal complexity of academic writing from a diachronic perspective. Specifically, based on a corpus of 1,920 research articles (RAs) from soft disciplines (education and economics) and hard disciplines (medicine and mechanical engineering), this study examined the diachronic changes and disciplinary variations in the phrasal complexity of RAs from 1970 to 2020. Nine noun phrase modifiers from Biber et al.’s (2011) framework were adopted for the measurement of phrasal complexity. Results of diachronic analysis reveal an increasing trend in the phrasal complexity of RAs in the four disciplines over the past 50 years, and this trend is more pronounced in the hard disciplines than in the soft disciplines. In addition, the results show significant disciplinary differences in the use of noun phrase modifiers at most time points, with more clausal modifiers in the soft disciplines and more phrasal modifiers in the hard disciplines. These observed diachronic and disciplinary patterns of use of noun phrase modifiers in RAs are possibly associated with the evolving discipline-related epistemological characteristics. These findings have useful implications for EAP writing research and pedagogy.

Abstract This is a diachronic analysis of two quantitative research studies on the aging of Japanese and Japanese Americans living in Greater New York. How have older Japanese individuals, who once have been referred as \"model minority,\" lived and aged in Greater New York? All the data in this paper are based on the first research study conducted in 2006 and the second in 2018 (Ethical approval reference number 6, 2018). This paper reveals both the social transitoriness and the cultural immutability of the Japanese elderly community in Greater New York. The following is a summary of the findings: (1) a growing Japanese American community with US citizenship, higher academic qualification, and better communication competency has been observed. (2) The allowable range of private expense to hire personal caregivers has been widened. (3) Not only the concerns and anxieties for later lives but also the plans and preparations for aging are much the same. (4) The elderly are provided with culturally specific care (with regard to language, food, and concept of care)-even allowed to live with other Japanese people-and the needs of caregivers who can understand Japanese culture are satiated. (5) Almost half of those in the community find it difficult to eliminate the possibility of returning to Japan, and some of them have already chosen to migrate back to Japan.

Recent years have witnessed a “discursive turn” in image construction studies. This article explores the linguistic features of image construction. We provide a corpus-based diachronic study of the distribution of modality in The Reports to the 16 th to 20 th National Congress of the Communist Party of China and unravel the role of the modal verbs in conceptualizing China’s images in The Reports . To analyze the national image, we need to understand how the various elements in The Reports , i.e., actors, actions, and situations, are not only depicted but also intricately interconnected in terms of volition, obligation, and prediction. The diverse national image profiles can be discerned through the lens of how the actors perceive the situations in relation to what is deemed desirable, committed, possible, important, and expected in the context of The Reports . The study finds that The Reports , based on the frequency, value, category and translation of the modal verbs, can project different image profiles of the nation, such as a reliable planner, a committed and powerful leader, and an active participant showing respect for others.

Linguistic expressions of confusion, namely confusion markers, construe discrepancies between an academic author’s prior knowledge and the information received. These emotive responses motivate knowledge-seeking behaviors to dissolve cognitive incongruities and are inherently connected with knowledge-making. Limited research has, however, examined how they partake in knowledge construction and dissemination in academic writing. Drawing on a frame-based analytical approach, this study investigated how an academic author’s disciplinary background and time of publication may mediate the use of confusion markers in 640 research articles sampled from four disciplines. The corpus-based analyses were complemented by insights from 16 specialists to explore how considerations underlying their use of confusion markers shaped their academic writing. The findings indicated that the overall use of confusion markers changed over time and that disciplinary background and time of publication were significant predictors of several frame elements. The observed disciplinary and diachronic patterns of use can be explained in terms of epistemological orientations, developments in the academic world such as increasing disciplinary specialization and growing interdisciplinary research leading to a broadening of readership, and stiff competition in scholarly publication.