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[...]Bravo and Nakayama's (1992) mixed/blocked result was reinterpreted to reflect intertrial priming that is impervious to top-down control. Method Participants The data collection process reported here was approved by the McMaster Research Ethics Board. For the control condition, we excluded participants with a miss rate to the single-item of more than .15 (five participants) or a response accuracy rate to either the single-item or search target in any cell of less than .75 (four participants), resulting in a final sample of 25 participants. Exclusion criteria differed slightly in the preparation condition because participants were required to withhold responses to the single-item on half of the trials. [...]we excluded participants with a hit-minus-false-alarm rate for the single-item task of less than .85 (five participants) or a response accuracy

The redox state of Earth's convecting mantle, masked by the lithospheric plates and basaltic magmatism of plate tectonics, is a key unknown in the evolutionary history of our planet. Here we report that large, exceptional gem diamonds like the Cullinan, Constellation, and Koh-i-Noor carry direct evidence of crystallization from a redox-sensitive metallic liquid phase in the deep mantle. These sublithospheric diamonds contain inclusions of solidified iron-nickel-carbon-sulfur melt, accompanied by a thin fluid layer of methane ± hydrogen, and sometimes majoritic garnet or former calcium silicate perovskite.The metal-dominated mineral assemblages and reduced volatiles in large gem diamonds indicate formation under metalsaturated conditions. We verify previous predictions that Earth has highly reducing deep mantle regions capable of precipitating a metallic iron phase that contains dissolved carbon and hydrogen.

The diagnostics of X‐ray beam properties has a critical importance at the European X‐ray Free‐Electron Laser facility. Besides existing diagnostic components, utilization of a diamond sensor was proposed to achieve radiation‐hard, non‐invasive beam position and pulse energy measurements for hard X‐rays. In particular, with very hard X‐rays, diamond‐based sensors become a useful complement to gas‐based devices which lose sensitivity due to significantly reduced gas cross‐sections. The measurements presented in this work were performed with diamond sensors consisting of an electronic‐grade single‐crystal chemical‐vapor‐deposition diamond with position‐sensitive resistive electrodes in a duo‐lateral configuration. The results show that the diamond sensor delivers pulse‐resolved X‐ray beam position data at 2.25 MHz with an uncertainty of less than 1% of the beam size. To our knowledge this is the first demonstration of pulse‐resolved position measurements at the MHz rate using a transmissive diamond sensor at a free‐electron laser facility. It can therefore be a valuable tool for X‐ray free‐electron lasers, especially for high‐repetition‐rate machines, enabling applications such as beam‐based alignment and intra‐pulse‐train position feedback. Diamond sensors have been developed and tested for operation with high‐energy X‐ray beams at the European XFEL.