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Salt formation is a useful technique for improving the solubility of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). For instance, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac (DIC), is used in a sodium salt form, and it has been reported to form several hydrate forms. However, the crystal structure of the anhydrous form of diclofenac sodium (DIC-Na) and the structural relationship among the anhydrate and hydrated forms have not yet been revealed. In this study, DIC-Na anhydrate was analyzed using single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). To determine the solid-state dehydration/hydration mechanism of DIC-Na hydrates based on both the present and previously reported crystal structures (4.75-hydrate and 3.5-hydrate), additional experiments including simultaneous powder XRD and differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry, dynamic vapor sorption measurements, and a comparison of the crystal structures were performed. The dehydration of the 4.75-hydrate form was found to occur in two steps. During the first step, only water molecules that were not coordinated to Na+ ions were lost, which led to the formation of the 3.5-hydrate while retaining alternating layered structures. The subsequent dehydration step into the anhydrous phase accompanied a substantial structural reconstruction. This study elucidated the complete landscape of the dehydration/hydration transformation of DIC-Na for the first time through a crystal structure investigation. These findings contribute to understanding the mechanism underlying these dehydration/hydration phenomena and the physicochemical properties of pharmaceutical crystals.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate binding potential of Mulva neglecta mucilage (MNM) with subsequent comparison to PVP K30. Eight batches of Diclofenac sodium tablets were prepared by wet granulation technique keeping different concentrations (4, 6, 8 & 10% w/w) of Mulva neglecta mucilage (extracted from leaves of Mulva neglecta) and PVP K30 as standard binder. The granules of formulated batches showed bulk density (g/mL) 0.49 ± 0.00 to 0.57 ± 0.00, tapped density (g/mL) 0.59 ± 0.01 to 0.70 ± 0.01, Carr's index 09.27 ± 0.95 to 19.65 ± 0.59, Hausner's ratio 1.12 ± 0.00 to 1.24 ± 0.01 and angle of repose 30.37 ± 2.90 °C to 36.86 ± 0.94 °C. Tablets were compressed to hardness 7.50 to 7.95 kg/cm2. The tablets showed 0.39 ± 0.02 to 0.39 ± 0.01% friability and 7:20 to 14:00 min disintegration time. Granules and post-compression evaluation revealed that parameters assessed were all found to be within the pharmacopoeial limits. The results (hardness, disintegration and dissolution) proved that Mulva neglecta mucilage has better binding capacity for preparation of uncoated tablet dosage form as compared to PVP K30. Among all the formulations, MN-1 to MN-4 showed slow release as compared to PV-1 to PV-4 and thereby Mulva neglecta mucilage exhibited satisfactory drug release phenomenon tablets of diclofenac sodium. RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial de ligação de mucilagem de Mulva neglecta (MNM), com posterior comparação ao PVP K30. Oito lotes de comprimidos de diclofenaco de sódio foram preparados pela técnica de granulação úmida, mantendo diferentes concentrações (4, 6, 8 e 10% w/w) de mucilagem de Mulva neglecta (extraída de folhas de Mulva neglecta) e PVP K30 como ligante padrão. Os grânulos de lotes formulados mostraram densidade aparente (g/mL) 0.49 ± 0.00-0.57 ± 0.00, densidade compactada (g/mL) 0.59 ± 0.01-0.70 ± 0.01, índice de Carr 09.27 ± 0.95-19.65 ± 0.59, a relação de Hausner 1.12 ± 0.00-1.24 ± 0.01 e ângulo de repouso 30.37 ± 2.90 °C a 36.86 ± 0.94 °C. Os comprimidos foram prensados à dureza de 7.50-7.95 kg/cm2. Os comprimidos apresentaram 0.39 ± 0.02-0.39 ± 0.01% friabilidade e 7:20-14:00 min de tempo de desintegração. A avaliação de grânulos e pós-compressão revelou que todos os parâmetros estavam dentro dos limites da farmacopeia. Os resultados (dureza, desintegração e dissolução) provaram que a mucilagem de Mulva neglecta tem maior capacidade de ligação na preparação da forma de dosagem de comprimido não revestido em relação à PVP K30. Entre todas as formulações, MN-1 e MN-4 mostraram liberação lenta em comparação com PV-1 e PV-4 e, assim, a mucilagem de Mulva neglecta exibiu liberação do fármaco satisfatória para os comprimidos de diclofenaco de sódio.

The present experimental study reports the performance of tea waste (TW) derived adsorbent for the adsorption of sodium diclofenac (SD) from aqueous solution (SD concentration = 10–50 mg/L). The waste-derived activated carbon was prepared by chemical activation process of raw waste using H 2 SO 4 , KOH, ZnCl 2 , and K 2 CO 3 as activating agents (TW: activating agent = 1:1 by weight). Subsequently, the oven-dried material was carbonized at 600-°C temperature for 2 h. The synthesized adsorbents were porous and their Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area was ranged 115–865 m 2 /g. Among all synthesized adsorbents, the adsorbent activated by ZnCl 2 exhibited the highest adsorption capacity (= 62 mg/g), though it was much lower compared to 91 mg/g obtained with commercial activated carbon (CAC) (SD concentration = 30 mg/L, adsorbent dose = 300 mg/L and initial wastewater pH = 6.47). SD equilibrium data could be described by Langmuir isotherm adequately, while pseudo-second-order rate model showed better fit to the time based adsorption data. Low activation energy of the adsorption process suggests the reaction to be temperature independent. Thermodynamic parameters showed the spontaneous and endothermic nature of adsorption process conducted in the presence of waste derived adsorbent.

In the current study, the carbon quantum dots (CDs) were synthesized through a facile, rapid, and one-step microwave method using citric acid monohydrate and urea. The as-prepared CDs were spherical with diameters of 3-4 nm and displayed bright blue fluorescent under an excitation wavelength of 360 nm. Also, the as-prepared CDs had various properties, including high quantum yield (≈18%), favorable solubility in water, different functional groups, significant stability in various environmental conditions, and excellent optical performance. The results indicated that the CDs could be applied as a fluorescent probe for reliable and accurate detection of Diclofenac sodium (DFS) based on the enhancement of their native fluorescent intensity (turn-on). The emission spectra of the as-prepared CDs were strengthened gradually when the DFS concentration increased from 5 to 300 µM. In addition, the linear relationship was fabricated over the concentrations range of 5–300 µM for DFS with the detection limit of 2.33 µM. Furthermore, the findings showed that Fe doped CDs (Fe-CDs) like CDs have a good ability to detect various concentrations of DFS in the wide range of 5–300 µM.

Jing-Yan Song,1,* Ying-Jie Ma,2,* Xian-Ling Cao,2,3 Zhen-Gao Sun1,2 1The First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China; 2Reproductive Center of Integrated Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China; 3Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Xian-Ling Cao, Reproductive Center of Integrated Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 42 Wenhua West Road, Lixia District, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China, Email caoxianlingling@163.com Zhen-Gao Sun, Reproductive Center of Integrated Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 42 Wenhua West Road, Lixia District, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China, Email sunzhengao77@126.comPurpose: To evaluate whether diclofenac sodium administration reduces premature ovulation and improves in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes in patients with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR).Patients and Methods: Retrospective cohort study conducted at a single academic reproductive center from January 2022 to March 2025. We included women with DOR (anti-Müllerian hormone [AMH] < 1.1 ng/mL, antral follicle count [AFC] < 5) undergoing autologous IVF cycles with single dominant follicle development. A total of 1164 cycles from 616 patients were analyzed, comparing 382 cycles with diclofenac sodium 75mg daily from trigger day to oocyte retrieval versus 782 cycles without treatment. The primary endpoint was cycle cancellation due to premature ovulation. Secondary endpoints included oocyte retrieval success, fertilization rates, embryo outcomes, and clinical pregnancy rates. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) models with multivariable adjustment were used to account for correlation between multiple cycles from the same patient. A sensitivity analysis restricted to first cycles per patient (n=616) was performed using logistic regression to validate primary findings.Results: Diclofenac sodium significantly reduced cycle cancellation due to premature ovulation (7.3% vs 19.8%, adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.21– 0.73, P=0.003) and decreased the proportion of cycles with no oocytes retrieved (21.8% vs 27.1%, adjusted OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.34– 0.84, P=0.007). Normal fertilization rates were higher in the diclofenac sodium group (77.5% vs 69.8%, P=0.041), though this lost significance after adjustment (P=0.184). The proportion of cycles without viable embryos was comparable between groups (42.3% vs 41.8%, P=0.727). Among limited fresh embryo transfers (n=124), clinical pregnancy (19.2% vs 11.2%, P=0.847) and live birth rates (15.4% vs 8.2%, P=0.948) were similar. The sensitivity analysis using first cycles per patient (n=616) confirmed these findings, showing a 47% reduction in premature ovulation odds with diclofenac sodium (adjusted OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.29– 0.94, P=0.031).Conclusion: Diclofenac sodium is associated with reduced premature ovulation and improved oocyte retrieval success in DOR patients, though embryonic and pregnancy outcomes remain similar. These observational findings require validation through prospective randomized controlled trials with adequate power to assess cumulative reproductive outcomes.Keywords: diclofenac sodium, premature ovulation, in vitro fertilization, diminished ovarian reserve, oocyte retrieval

A novel magnetically active ZnFe O @MIL-53(Al)-NH composite was prepared for the first time, and its adsorption performance for diclofenac sodium (DS) in solution was investigated systemically. Structural analyses by XRD and FTIR confirmed the successful integration of ZnFe O nanoparticles within the MIL-53(Al)-NH framework, while magnetic hysteresis loop measurements revealed excellent magnetic responsiveness, enabling rapid recovery under an external magnetic field within 60 s. The composite exhibited a maximum DS adsorption capacity of 217.85 mg/g at pH 6.44, 298 K, and 60 min contact time, significantly higher than those of most recent benchmarks, including Lignin‑Based Magnetic Nanoparticle (106.4 mg/g), Ni Zn Fe O (52.91 mg/g) and Na-X zeolite (6.68 mg/g). The DS adsorption process is primarily spontaneous and endothermic, dominated by electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, and π-π interactions. The high stability, negligible ion leaching, and efficient magnetic recyclability underscore its potential for scalable wastewater treatment applications. This study provides valuable insights into the mechanism of magnetism-enhanced adsorption and offers a promising pathway for developing multifunctional MOF-based adsorbents for environmental remediation.

In this research, the adsorptive removal of diclofenac sodium, one of the representative pharmaceuticals and personal care products, from aqueous solution using Fe O @MOF-100(Fe) magnetic microspheres was studied for the first time. The Fe O @MOF-100(Fe) microspheres exhibit strong magnetism and stability, which were observed as a core-shell structure. The maximum adsorption capacity of Fe O @MOF-100(Fe) for diclofenac sodium can reach 377.36 mg L , which was higher than most of the adsorbents reported. The adsorption kinetics follows the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. And the adsorption equilibrium of DCF can be described with Langmuir isotherm. In the cycle experiment, Fe O @MOF-100(Fe) material performed high adsorption efficiency for low-concentration diclofenac sodium solution, and the removal rate can still reach 80% after 5 cycles of adsorption without desorption. The mechanisms including electrostatic interaction, H-bond interaction, and π-π interaction that coexisted in the adsorption processes would be of benefit to enhance the adsorption capacity. The Fe O @MOF-100(Fe) magnetic microspheres offer exciting opportunities for further application.

To evaluate the effect of a single dose of intravitreal diclofenac on best- corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) in patients with refractory uveitic cystoid macular edema (CME). In this prospective non-comparative case series, 8 eyes of 8 patients with refractory CME secondary to chronic intermediate uveitis received a single intravitreal injection of diclofenac (500 µg/0.1ml) in addition to other systemic (oral prednisolone and methotraxate) and topical (betamethasone) remission maintaining drugs. Outcome measures were changes in BCVA and CMT after treatment. Mean BCVA remained relatively unchanged at 12, 24 and 36 weeks (0.69, 0.70 and 0.64 LogMAR, respectively) as compared to baseline (0.71 LogMAR). Mean CMT, however, decreased from 488 µm at baseline to 416 and 456 µm at 24 and 36 weeks, respectively. None of the changes were statistically significant. In eyes with refractory uveitic CME, intravitreal injection of diclofenac insignificantly reduced CMT but this was not associated with visual improvement.

The uncontrolled release of waste diclofenac with low biodegradability is considered to be a potential threat for the environment and creatures. To find effective solution for this issue, this study reports the adsorption performance of diclofenac sodium salt (DCF) by using activated carbon (EHAC) obtained from einkorn ( Triticum monococcum L .) husk in aqueous solution under various circumstances. It was found that DCF adsorption on EHAC was highly solution pH dependent, and DCF adsorption by EHAC decreased with increasing adsorption temperature. Equilibrium data showed that fitted isotherm model with the experiment results of DCF adsorption on EHAC followed the order of Langmuir > Temkin > Freundlich > Dubinin-Radushkevich. Adsorption capacity of EHAC for DCF adsorption in aqueous solution was calculated to be 147.06 mg/g at 25 °C. The adsorption kinetic of DCF adsorption on EHAC was determined to obey the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. By utilizing FTIR and pH data obtained from DCF adsorption on EHAC, DCF adsorption mechanisms with some interactions such as π-π stacking, electrostatic interactions, and hydrogen bonding were suggested at diverse pH values. Additionally, intraparticle diffusion model was applied to kinetic results to further recognize the kinetic mechanism of DCF adsorption on EHAC. Furthermore, thermodynamic parameters for DCF adsorption on EHAC were calculated and evaluated, in which DCF adsorption process by EHAC was determined to be exothermic, spontaneous, and feasible.

Porous graphitic biochar was synthesized by one-step treatment biomass using potassium ferrate (K2FeO4) as activator for both carbonization and graphitization processes. The modified biochar (Fe@BC) was applied for the removal of diclofenac sodium (DCF) in an aqueous solution. The as-prepared material possesses a well-developed micro/mesoporous and graphitic structure, which can strengthen its adsorption capacity towards DCF. The experimental results indicated that the maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of Fe@BC for DCF obtained from Langmuir isotherm simulation was 123.45 mg·L−1 and it was a remarkable value of DCF adsorption in comparison with that of other biomass-based adsorbents previously reported. Thermodynamic quality and effect of ionic strength studies demonstrated that the adsorption was a endothermic process, and higher environmental temperatures may be more favorable for the uptake of DCF onto Fe@BC surface; however, the presence of NaCl in the solution slightly obstructed DCF adsorption. Adsorption capacity was found to be decreased with the increase of solution pH. Additionally, the possible mechanism of the DCF adsorption process on Fe@BC may involve chemical adsorption with the presence of H-bonding and π–π interaction. With high adsorption capacity and reusability, Fe@BC was found to be a promising absorbent for DCF removal from water as well as for water purification applications.