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Reducing climate impacts in the transportation sector
\"This book will be of interest to professionals in government, academic, environmental organizations, the automotive and energy industries, and the knowledgeable and engaged public.\"--Jacket.
Book
A Review of Heavy-Duty Vehicle Powertrain Technologies: Diesel Engine Vehicles, Battery Electric Vehicles, and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles
Greenhouse gas emissions from the freight transportation sector are a significant contributor to climate change, pollution, and negative health impacts because of the common use of heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDVs). Governments around the world are working to transition away from diesel HDVs and to electric HDVs, to reduce emissions. Battery electric HDVs and hydrogen fuel cell HDVs are two available alternatives to diesel engines. Each diesel engine HDV, battery-electric HDV, and hydrogen fuel cell HDV powertrain has its own advantages and disadvantages. This work provides a comprehensive review to examine the working mechanism, performance metrics, and recent developments of the aforementioned HDV powertrain technologies. A detailed comparison between the three powertrain technologies, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each, is also presented, along with future perspectives of the HDV sector. Overall, diesel engine in HDVs will remain an important technology in the short-term future due to the existing infrastructure and lower costs, despite their high emissions, while battery-electric HDV technology and hydrogen fuel cell HDV technology will be slowly developed to eliminate their barriers, including costs, infrastructure, and performance limitations, to penetrate the HDV market.
Journal Article
EGR and Emulsified Fuel Combination Effects on the Combustion, Performance, and NOx Emissions in Marine Diesel Engines
Techniques such as exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and water-in-fuel emulsions (WFEs) can significantly decrease NOx emissions in diesel engines. As a disadvantage of adopting EGR, the afterburning period lengthens owing to a shortage of oxygen, lowering thermal efficiency. Meanwhile, WFEs can slightly reduce NOx emissions and reduce the afterburning phase without severely compromising thermal efficiency. Therefore, the EGR–WFE combination was modeled utilizing the KIVA-3V code along with GT power and experimental results. The findings indicated that combining EGR with WFEs is an efficient technique to reduce afterburning and enhance thermal efficiency. Under the EGR state, the NO product was evenly lowered. In the WFE, a considerable NO amount was created near the front edge of the combustion flame. Additionally, squish flow from the piston’s up–down movement improved fuel–air mixing, and NO production was increased as a result, particularly at high injection pressure. Using WFEs with EGR at a low oxygen concentration significantly reduced NO emissions while increasing thermal efficiency. For instance, using 16% of the oxygen concentration and a 40% water emulsion, a 94% drop in NO and a 4% improvement in the Indicated Mean Effective Pressure were obtained concurrently. This research proposes using the EGR–WFE combination to minimize NO emissions while maintaining thermal efficiency.
Journal Article
A Comprehensive Review of the Properties, Performance, Combustion, and Emissions of the Diesel Engine Fueled with Different Generations of Biodiesel
Due to the increasing air pollution from diesel engines and the shortage of conventional fossil fuels, many experimental and numerical types of research have been carried out and published in the literature over the past few decades to find a new, sustainable, and alternative fuels. Biodiesel is an appropriate alternate solution for diesel engines because it is renewable, non-toxic, and eco-friendly. According to the European Academies Science Advisory Council, biodiesel evolution is broadly classified into four generations. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the production, properties, combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of diesel engines using different generations of biodiesel as an alternative fuel to replace fossil-based diesel and summarizes the primary feedstocks and properties of different generations of biodiesel compared with diesel. The general impression is that the use of different generations of biodiesel decreased 30% CO, 50% HC, and 70% smoke emissions compared with diesel. Engine performance is slightly decreased by an average of 3.13%, 89.56%, and 11.98% for higher density, viscosity, and cetane, respectively, while having a 7.96% lower heating value compared with diesel. A certain ratio of biodiesel as fuel instead of fossil diesel combined with advanced after-treatment technology is the main trend of future diesel engine development.
Journal Article
Particulate Matter Emission and Air Pollution Reduction by Applying Variable Systems in Tribologically Optimized Diesel Engines for Vehicles in Road Traffic
Regardless of the increasingly intensive application of vehicles with electric drives, internal combustion engines are still dominant as power units of mobile systems in various sectors of the economy. In order to reduce the emission of exhaust gases and satisfy legal regulations, as a temporary solution, hybrid drives with optimized internal combustion engines and their associated systems are increasingly being used. Application of the variable compression ratio and diesel fuel injection timing, as well as the tribological optimization of parts, contribute to the reduction in fuel consumption, partly due to the reduction in mechanical losses, which, according to test results, also results in the reduction in emissions. This manuscript presents the results of diesel engine testing on a test bench in laboratory conditions at different operating modes (compression ratio, fuel injection timing, engine speed, and load), which were processed using a zero-dimensional model of the combustion process. The test results should contribute to the optimization of the combustion process from the aspect of minimal particulate matter emission. As a special contribution, the results of tribological tests of materials for strengthening the sliding surface of the aluminum alloy piston and cylinder of the internal combustion engine and air compressors, which were obtained using a tribometer, are presented. In this way, tribological optimization should also contribute to the reduction in particulate matter emissions due to the reduction in fuel consumption, and thus emissions due to the reduction in friction, as well as the recorded reduction in the wear of materials that are in sliding contact. In this way, it contributes to the reduction in harmful gases in the air.
Journal Article
The Experimental Investigation of a Diesel Engine Using Ternary Blends of Algae Biodiesel, Ethanol and Diesel Fuels
Algae are regarded among the most favorable feedstocks for producing sustainable biodiesel and utilizing it in diesel engines. Additionally, ethanol addition further enhanced the performance and reduce greenhouse emission. Algae biodiesel was produced, and an experimental study was performed to understand the diesel engine performance and emissions characteristics using different fuel blends by varying the ratio of diesel, biodiesel, and ethanol, such as D100, B10, B20, B5E5, and B10E10 (where number shows the percentage of the respective fuel). It was found that brake thermal efficiency was reduced by 0.49% and 1.29% for B10 and B20 blends, while the addition of ethanol enhanced the BTE by 0.37% and 1.60% respectively. However, SFC increases by 1.45%, 2.14%, 3.18%, and 3.78% respectively for B10, B20, B5E5, and B10E10 with respect to diesel fuel. Combustion characteristics were increased with increasing concentration of biodiesel and ethanol addition. Particulate matter, smoke emissions, and CO2 were slightly reduced by 3%, 4%, and 0.18%, respectively, while NOx emissions were increased by 26% for B10 blended fuel as compared to diesel fuel. Further addition of 5% (volume) ethanol in B5 fuel reduced particulate matter, smoke emissions, and CO2 emissions by 26.4%, 22%, and 23% respectively. Among the tested blends (B10, B20, B5E5, and B10E10), ethanol blended fuel was found to be more promising due to its higher combustion and performance and to have lower emissions to diesel fuel.
Journal Article
Experimental investigation of combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with diesel–biodiesel–alcohol blends
The purpose of this study is to investigate the impacts of diesel–biodiesel–alcohol blends on the combustion, performance and emissions characteristics of a single-cylinder diesel engine. Tests were conducted at different engine speeds of 1750, 2250, 2750 and 3250 rpm and under full load. In this study, different fuels [called as reference diesel (D100), 20 vol% cottonseed methyl ester (D80C20), 10 vol% ethanol (D90E10) and finally the ternary type of their derivations (D70C20E10)], were used. The experimental results showed that the highest reduction values were observed on CO emission by 42%, 30% and 8% for the D90E10, D70C20E10 and D80C20 fuels, respectively. These reductions for HC emission were achieved as 40%, 31% and 23% for the D90E10, D70C20E10 and D80C20, respectively. On the other hand, the reductions of NOx and CO2 emissions were not sharp and varied between 2–7%. Besides the reductions on the exhaust emissions, biodiesel–ethanol blend presented better results in terms of HRRmax and CPmax than using biodiesel alone. Additionally, ignition delay of the biodiesel blends was longer than that of D100 fuel owing to their low cetane numbers. Combustion duration was shortened with the increment in engine speed because the turbulence increased in the combustion chamber at high engine speed. This case also improved the homogeneity of test fuels and increased the quality of the combustion process. As a consequence, this paper clearly reported that it is possible to achieve fewer emissions, the highest CPmax values with the presence of ethanol in biodiesel fuels rather than using biodiesel alone for diesel engines.
Journal Article
Effects of particle size of cerium oxide nanoparticles on the combustion behavior and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine powered by biodiesel/diesel blend
Meeting the emission norms specified by governing bodies is one of the major challenges faced by engine manufacturers, especially without sacrificing engine performance and fuel economy. Several methods and techniques are being used globally to reduce engine emissions. Even though emissions can be reduced, doing so usually entails a deterioration in performance. To address this problem, nanoadditives such as cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles are used to reduce engine emissions while improving engine performance. However, some aspects of the application of these nanoadditives are still unknown. In light of that, three sizes of CeO2 nanoparticles (i.e., 10, 30, and 80 nm) and at a constant volume fraction of 80 ppm were added to a 20% blend of waste cooking oil biodiesel and diesel (B20). A single-cylinder diesel engine operating at a 1500 rpm speed and 180 bar fuel injection pressure was used to compare the performance and emission characteristics of the investigated fuel formulations. The results showed that the addition of CeO2 nanoparticles led to performance improvements by reducing brake specific fuel consumption. Moreover, the catalytic action of CeO2 nanoparticles on the hydrocarbons helped achieve effective combustion and reduce the emission of carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbon, oxides of nitrogen, and soot. Interestingly, the size of the nanoadditive played an instrumental role in the improvements achieved, and the use of 30 nm-sized nanoparticles led to the most favorable performance and the lowest engine emissions. More specifically, the fuel formulation harboring 30 nm nanoceria reduced brake specific fuel consumption by 2.5%, NOx emission by 15.7%, and smoke opacity by 34.7%, compared to the additive-free B20. These findings could shed light on the action mechanism of fuel nanoadditives and are expected to pave the way for future research to develop more promising fuel nanoadditives for commercial applications.
Journal Article
Detailed Analysis of PAH Formation, Toxicity and Regulated Pollutants in a Diesel Engine Running on Diesel Blends with n-Propanol, n-Butanol and n-Pentanol
There are a number of emissions produced by internal combustion engines that are regulated to limit atmospheric pollution. However, it is equally important for both environmental and human health to also monitor and control polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Using high-carbon alcohols with straight-chain structures, such as n-propanol (Pro), n-butanol (Bu) and n-pentanol (Pen), together with diesel fuel (D), can be a way to reduce these harmful pollutants. In this study, nine different test fuels were created by mixing each higher alcohol with diesel fuel at 5%, 20% and 30% mixing ratios. In order to compare the effects of these test fuels on regulated pollutants and PAH compounds, fuel blends were evaluated in a diesel engine at partial loads and at a constant speed. Regulated emissions were measured using a standard 5-gas analyzer, and PAHs were detected and quantified using rigorous analytical chemistry methods, such as gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). While higher carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) pollutants were emitted by the binary blends due to their high oxygen content and latent heat of evaporation (LHE), a decrease in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions between 4.98% and 20.08% was observed depending on the alcohol concentration. With the exception of the 20% n-pentanol mixture, PAH concentrations in the exhaust gas were significantly reduced in other binary blends. The 35% n-butanol mixture stood out in reducing total PAHs by 80.98%. In toxicity reduction, the 20% n-propanol mixture was the most effective with a decrease of 91.23% in toxicity. Overall, higher alcohols have been shown to be effective additives not only in reducing overall PAH emissions and toxicity, but also in reducing high-ring and heavier PAHs, which are more carcinogenic and cause a greater risk to engine lifedue to wet stacking under cold starting or low-load conditions.
Journal Article
Combustion, Performance, and Emission Behaviors of Biodiesel Fueled Diesel Engine with the Impact of Alumina Nanoparticle as an Additive
The objective of this research work is to evaluate the performance, combustion, and exhaust emissions of a variable compression ratio diesel engine utilizing diesel 25% rubber seed biodiesel mixture (B25) blended with 25 ppm and 50 ppm of alumina nanoparticle running with different operating conditions. An ultrasonicator was used to make uniform dispersion of alumina (Al) nanoparticles in the diesel–biodiesel mixture. Biodiesel mixture blended with nanoparticles has physicochemical characteristics that are comparable to ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) D6751 limitations. The results revealed that the B25 exhibited a lower cylinder peak pressure and lower HRR (heat release rate) than diesel at maximum power. BTE (brake thermal efficiency) of B25 is 2.2% lower than diesel, whereas BSFC of B25 is increased by 6% in contrast to diesel. Emissions of HC (hydrocarbon), CO (carbon monoxide), and smoke for B25 were diminished, while emissions of NOx (nitrogen oxide) were higher at maximum power. Further, the combustion and performance of diesel engine were improved with the inclusion of alumina nanoparticles to biodiesel blends. In comparison to B25, BTE of B25 with 50% alumina nanoparticles (B25Al50) mixture was enhanced by 4.8%, and the BSFC was diminished by 8.5%, while HC, CO, and smoke were also diminished by 36%, 20%, and 44%, respectively. At peak load, the maximum cylinder pressure and HRR of B25 were improved by 4.2% and 6.7%, respectively, with the presence of 50% alumina nanoparticles in a biodiesel blend (B25Al50).
Journal Article