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This study aimed to develop a digital photographic food atlas as a portion size estimation aid. Commonly consumed foods were identified from the 5512-day weighed dietary records of 644 Japanese adults. Portion sizes were determined based on the market research and distribution of food consumption in the dietary records. Each food item was classified into one of two photo types: a series of photographs showing gradually increasing portion sizes or guide photographs representing a range of portion sizes and food varieties in one photograph. Photographs of the food were taken at an angle of 42°, along with appropriate reference objects such as chopsticks. In total, 209 food and dish items were included in the food atlas. Series of photographs were taken for 105 items that are not usually served in predetermined amounts (e.g., rice and pasta), whereas guide photographs were taken for 104 items usually served in predetermined amounts (e.g., bananas and cookies). Moreover, photographs were taken for 12 kinds of household measurement items, such as cups and glasses. The food atlas could be a valuable tool for estimating the portion size in dietary surveys. Evaluating the validity of this food atlas for portion size estimation is warranted.

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the number of days required to estimate habitual vegetable variety by conducting a multiday, dietary record. Sixty respondents from three groups in Japan (rural residents, general students, and nutrition students) participated in the study using a self-administered questionnaire in September 2018. To measure vegetable variety, the number of different vegetables consumed was extracted from the dietary records of seven consecutive days. Differences in the number of vegetables consumed and the capture proportion over seven consecutive days between groups were examined using repeated measures analysis of variance and one-way analysis of variance. The vegetable variety between each day was also compared using Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The vegetable variety based on dietary records for seven consecutive days confirmed the differences between groups by repeated measurements (p = 0.013). However, there was no significant difference among groups in the capture proportion per survey day based on seven consecutive days. Furthermore, there were significant correlations between the number of vegetables consumed over seven consecutive days and that consumed on two or more days (r > 0.50, p < 0.01) and especially three or more days in all groups (r > 0.70, p < 0.001). The present study suggested that a dietary survey over two or more days could provide an estimate of habitual vegetable variety.

Although open-ended dietary assessment methods, such as weighed food records (WFRs), are generally considered to be comparable, differences between procedures may influence outcome when WFRs are conducted independently. In this paper, we assess the procedures of WFRs in two studies to describe their dietary assessment procedures and compare the subsequent outcomes. WFRs of 12 days (3 days for four seasons) were conducted as reference methods for intake data, in accordance with the study protocol, among a subsample of participants of two large cohort studies. We compared the WFR procedures descriptively. We also compared some dietary intake variables, such as the frequency of foods and dishes and contributing foods, to determine whether there were differences in the portion size distribution and intra- and inter-individual variation in nutrient intakes caused by the difference in procedures. General procedures of the dietary records were conducted in accordance with the National Health and Nutrition Survey and were the same for both studies. Differences were seen in 1) selection of multiple days (non-consecutive days versus consecutive days); and 2) survey sheet recording method (individual versus family participation). However, the foods contributing to intake of energy and selected nutrients, the portion size distribution, and intra- and inter-individual variation in nutrient intakes were similar between the two studies. Our comparison of WFR procedures in two independent studies revealed several differences. Notwithstanding these procedural differences, however, the subsequent outcomes were similar. •The procedures of weighed food records in two independent studies were compared.•General procedures of the dietary records were the mostly same for both studies.•Differences were found in the setting of survey days and the survey sheet.•Setting of survey days did not influence the intra- and inter-individual variation.•Differences in survey sheets did not influence the portion sizes.

We compared the relative validity of nutrient intakes derived from Internet website dish-based dietary records (WDDRs) and weighed dietary records (DRs). The study participants were 218 registered users of a dietary management website. After excluding 55 participants, a total of 163 participants were included in the final analyses. The participants were Japanese women, and their mean age and mean body mass index (BMI) were 39.3 (±10.3) years and 22.3 (±3.7) years, respectively. We compared differences in the DR and WDDR with respect to intakes of energy and 13 nutrients. The median values for the intake of protein and seven nutrients showed no significant difference between the DR and WDDR, and the estimated values were generally similar. The interquartile range of nutrients with a significant difference did not show a large deviation, with the exception of vitamin A. Correlation coefficients showed a strong correlation of 0.7, with the exception of sodium and vitamin E. The kappa coefficients for energy and for some nutrients were good to fair. Using Bland–Altman plots, we found proportional errors in the intake values for vitamins and minerals. We could not confirm obvious systematic errors for energy, protein, fat, or carbohydrate intake. WDDR use is considered to be a valid method for estimating energy and nutrient intakes among Japanese women.

New technologies are promising for the use of short-term instruments for dietary data collection; however, innovative tools should be validated against objective biomarkers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the validity of a Web-based, self-administered dietary record (DR) tool using protein, K and Na intakes against 24 h urinary biomarkers (24 h U). Of the total participants, 199 adult volunteers (104 men and 95 women, mean age 50·5 (23–83 years)) of the NutriNet-Santé Study were included in the protocol. They completed three non-consecutive-day DR and two 24 h U on the first and third DR days. Relative differences between reported (DR) and measured (24 h U) intakes were calculated from the log ratio (DR/24 h U) for protein, K and Na intakes: − 14·4,+2·6 and − 2·1 % for men; and − 13·9, − 3·7 and − 8·3 % for women, respectively. The correlations between reported and true intakes were 0·61, 0·78 and 0·47 for men and 0·64, 0·42 and 0·37 for women for protein, K and Na, respectively. Attenuation factors, that represent attenuation of the true diet–disease relationship due to measurement error (a value closer to 1 indicating lower attenuation), ranged from 0·23 (Na, women) to 0·60 (K, men). We showed that the Web-based DR tool used in the NutriNet-Santé cohort study performs well in estimating protein and K intakes and fairly well in estimating Na intake. Furthermore, three non-consecutive-day DR appear to be valid for estimating usual intakes of protein and K, although caution is advised regarding the generalisability of these findings to other nutrients and general population.

Background: We aimed to clarify whether differences in food group intake according to household income have changed over the last decade in Japanese people aged 20 years or older.Methods: This cross-sectional study was based on the 2010, 2014, and 2018 National Health and Nutrition Surveys in Japan. Food intake was assessed using a one-day semi-weighed household dietary record. The participants were categorized into three groups based on their income. The mean of each food intake according to the income group was estimated by adjusting for age, occupation, and number of participants from the same household. The significance of the interaction terms between income and survey year was evaluated to assess the change in income-related differences in food intake over time.Results: Cereal intake was lower in the middle- and the highest-income groups than in the lowest-income group, regardless of sex, and the interaction between income and year was insignificant for cereal intake. In the former two surveys, vegetable intake was higher among the highest-income women, while in the 2018 survey, the vegetable intake decreased in the women in the middle- and the highest-income groups. The interaction between income and year was significant for vegetable intake among the women. For other foods, the differences in intake among the income groups did not significantly change over time.Conclusions: The tendency for lower cereal intake in the higher-income groups was consistent over time in both the sexes and the tendency for higher vegetable intake in the highest income women disappeared over time.

Background/Aim: Appropriate dietary assessment plays a crucial role in individualized nutritional therapy for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Daily dietary variations must be considered in the estimation of usual dietary intake, and such data are limited in individuals with T2DM. This study aimed to evaluate within- and between-individual variations in protein, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus intakes estimated from 24 h urine collection (24 h UC) and semi-weighted dietary records (DRs) in Japanese individuals with T2DM. Methods: This study included 39 Japanese individuals (26 males, 13 females; mean age 64.6 years) with T2DM who attended two hospitals. Protein, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus intakes were estimated using 2-day 24 h UC and 3-day DRs and within- and between-individual variations were calculated using a one-way analysis of variance. Results: The mean protein, potassium, and phosphorus intakes did not significantly differ between 24 h UC and DRs. However, sodium intake was lower when estimated by DRs than by 24 h UC. The coefficients of within-individual variation (CVw) differed between 24 h UC and DRs. For protein and phosphorus, the CVw values were smaller by 12.5% and 8.0% in males and 2.3% and 3.0% in females, respectively, for 24 h UC than DRs. For sodium and potassium, the CVw values were smaller by 7.0% and 4.8% in males, but larger by 5.0% and 3.3% in females, respectively, for 24 h UC than DRs. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated that 24 h UC showed smaller within-individual variations than DRs for protein and phosphorus in both sexes, with sex-specific differences for sodium and potassium.

The aim of the present study was to assess reproducibility and relative validity of a self-administered FFQ used in the PREDIMED Study, a clinical trial for primary prevention of CVD by Mediterranean diet in a population at high cardiovascular risk. The FFQ was administered twice (FFQ1 and FFQ2) to explore reproducibility at 1 year. Four 3 d dietary records (DR) were used as reference to explore validity; participants therefore recorded their food intake over 12 d in the course of 1 year. The degree of misclassification in the FFQ was also evaluated by a contingency table of quintiles comparing the information from the FFQ2 and the DR. A total of 158 men and women (aged 55–80 years) were asked not to modify their dietary habits during the study period. Reproducibility for food groups, energy and nutrient intake, explored by the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) ranged 0·50–0·82, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) ranged from 0·63 to 0·90. The FFQ2 tended to report higher energy and nutrient intake than the DR. The validity indices of the FFQ in relation to the DR for food groups and energy and nutrient intake ranged (r) from 0·24 to 0·72, while the range of the ICC was between 0·40 and 0·84. With regard to food groups, 68–83 % of individuals were in the same or adjacent quintile in both methods, a figure which decreased to 55–75 % for energy and nutrient intake. We concluded that FFQ measurements had good reproducibility and a relative validity similar to those of FFQ used in other prospective studies.

Background/Aims: Paper-based dietary records (Paper-DR) can be replaced by web-based dietary records (Web-DR) in both epidemiological studies and clinical practice to reduce the time and logistic burden. We aimed to compare Paper-DR and Web-DR. Methods: We compared the matching of different food items (n = 1,103) from Paper-DR and Web-DR for energy and 48 nutrients among 16 pregnant volunteers, with DR for the same individuals matched for the same 4 days. Paper-DR were coded into the web-based version (referred to as Paper-Web-DR) independently by the same research dietitian. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test comparing mean rank differences, Spearman's ρ to measure associations and Bland-Altman limits of agreement to evaluate the level of agreement between the two dietary methods across the range of parameters were used. Volunteers also completed an evaluation questionnaire regarding the user acceptability of Paper-DR and Web-DR. Results: A high correlation between Paper-DR and Web-DR was noted. There were statistically insignificant differences among 45 nutrients, except for free sugars (p < 0.001), α-linolenic acid (p = 0.041), folate (p = 0.036) and pantothenic acid (p = 0.023). Volunteers found the Paper-DR equally time-consuming as the Web-DR. The majority of the volunteers (75%) preferred the Web-DR. Conclusions: Paper-DR and Web-DR were comparable across a range of nutritional parameters, with a few exceptions. The Web-DR was more convenient for the majority and has substantial logistic and cost advantages.

Development of an accurate and efficient dietary method is required for national nutrition surveys. Some countries conduct dietary surveys and combine 24-h dietary records or 24-h dietary recalls with dietary questionnaires. This scoping review aimed to summarize studies that used results from national surveys that combined detailed dietary surveys (dietary records or 24-h dietary recall) and dietary questionnaires and identify the purpose of combining the two methods. The PubMed database and manual searches were used for the literature review. We extracted 58 articles from 16 national nutrition surveys from 14 countries. Most studies used 24-h dietary recall for detailed dietary surveys and the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) or food propensity questionnaire (FPQ) for questionnaire surveys. Among 37 studies from eight countries, the purpose of combining the two dietary survey methods was to estimate energy and nutrient intakes from detailed dietary surveys and habitual food intake from questionnaires. These findings are useful as a reference when introducing new dietary survey methods in future national nutrition surveys.