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\"Phishing Detection using content-based image classification is an invaluable resource for any deep learning and cybersecurity professional and scholar trying to solve various cybersecurity tasks using new age technologies like Deep Learning and Computer Vision. With various rule-based phishing detection techniques at play which can be bypassed by phishers, this book provides a step-by-step approach to solve this problem using Computer Vision and Deep Learning techniques with significant accuracy. The book offers comprehensive coverage of the most essential topics, including: Programmatically reading and manipulating image data; Extracting relevant features from images; Building statistical models using image features; Using state of the art Deep Learning models for feature extraction; Build a robust phishing detection tool even with less data; Dimensionality reduction techniques; Class imbalance treatment; Feature Fusion techniques; Building performance metrics for multi-class classification task. Another unique aspect of this book is it comes with a completely reproducible code base developed by the author and shared via python notebooks for quick launch and running capabilities. They can be leveraged for further enhancing the provided models using new advancement in the field of computer vision and more advanced algorithms\"-- Provided by publisher.

Mangrove forests are considered to be the most productive ecosystem yet vanishing rapidly over the world. They are mostly found in the intertidal zone and sheltered by the seacoast. Mangroves have potential socio-economic benefits such as protecting the shoreline from storm and soil erosion, flood and flow control, acting as a carbon sink, provides a fertile breeding ground for marine species and fauna. It also acts as a source of income by providing various forest products. Restoration and conservation of mangrove forests remain a big challenge due to the large and inaccessible areas covered by mangroves forests which makes field assessment difficult and time-consuming. Remote sensing along with various digital image classification approaches seem to be promising in providing better and accurate results in mapping and monitoring the mangroves ecosystem. This review paper aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the work undertaken, and addresses various remote sensing techniques applied for mapping and monitoring of the mangrove ecosystem, and summarize their potential and limitation. For that various digital image classification techniques are analyzed and compared based on the type of image used with its spectral resolution, spatial resolution, and other related image features along with the accuracy of the classification to derive specific class information related to mangroves. The digital image classification techniques used for mangrove mapping and monitoring in various studies can be classified into pixel-based, object-based, and knowledge-based classifiers. The various satellite image data analyzed are ranged from light detection and ranging (LiDAR), hyperspectral and multispectral optical imagery, synthetic aperture radar (SAR), and aerial imagery. Supervised state of the art machine learning/deep machine learning algorithms which use both pixel-based and object-based approaches and can be combined with the knowledge-based approach are widely used for classification purpose, due to the recent development and evolution in these techniques. There is a huge future scope to study the performance of these classification techniques in combination with various high spatial and spectral resolution optical imageries, SAR and LiDAR, and also with multi-sensor, multiresolution, and temporal data.

Remote Sensing (RS) digital classification techniques require sufficient, accurate and ubiquitously distributed ground truth (GT) samples. GT is usually considered “true” per se; however, human errors, or differences in criteria when defining classes, among other reasons, often undermine this veracity. Trusting the GT is so crucial that protocols should be defined for making additional quality checks before passing to the classification stage. Fortunately, the nature of RS imagery allows setting a framework of quality controls to improve the confidence in the GT areas by proposing a set of filtering rules based on data from the images themselves. In our experiment, two pre-existing reference datasets (rDS) were used to obtain GT candidate pixels, over which inconsistencies were identified. This served as a basis for inferring five key filtering rules based on NDVI data, a product available from almost all RS instruments. We evaluated the performance of the rules in four temporal study cases (under backdating and updating scenarios) and two study areas. In each case, a set of GT samples was extracted from the rDS and the set was used both unfiltered (original) and filtered according to the rules. Our proposal shows that the filtered GT samples made it possible to solve usual problems in wilderness and agricultural categories. Indeed, the confusion matrices revealed, on average, an increase in the overall accuracy of 10.9, a decrease in the omission error of 16.8, and a decrease in the commission error of 14.0, all values in percent points. Filtering rules corrected inconsistencies in the GT samples extracted from the rDS by considering inter-annual and intra-annual differences, scale issues, multiple behaviours over time and labelling misassignments. Therefore, although some intrinsic limitations have been detected (as in mixed forests), the protocol allows a much better Land Cover mapping thanks to using more robust GT samples, something particularly important in a multitemporal context in which accounting for phenology is essential.

Assigning several labels to digital data is becoming easier as this can be achieved in a collaborative manner with Internet users. However, this process is still a challenge, especially in cases where several labels are assigned to each datum, as some suitable labels may be missed. The missing labels lead to inaccuracies in classification. In this study, we propose a novel graph-based multi-label classifier that exhibits stability for obtaining high-accuracy results; this is achieved even where there are missing labels in training data. The core process of our algorithm is to smoothen the label values of the training data from their top-k similar data by propagating their values and averaging them to generate values for the missing labels in the training data. In experimental evaluations, we used multi-labeled document and image datasets to evaluate classifiers, and then measured micro-averaged F-scores for eight classifiers. Even though we incrementally removed correct labels from the two datasets, the proposed algorithm tended to maintain the F-scores, whereas other classifiers decreased the scores. In addition, we evaluated the algorithm using Wikipedia, which comprises a real dataset that includes missing labels, in order to determine how well the algorithm predicted the correct labels and how useful it was for manual annotations, as initial decisions. We have confirmed that LPAC is useful for not only automatic annotation, but also the facilitation of decision making in the initial manual category assignment.

In this paper, an enhanced deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) is proposed to address the challenges of accuracy and diversity in digital art image classification. This method significantly improves the feature extraction capability and model generalization performance by introducing an attention mechanism, residual connection and transfer learning. The key improvements include optimized network architecture, use of LeakyReLU activation function and fine-tuning of pre-trained models. Experimental results show that the improved DCNN performs significantly better than traditional DCNN on multiple datasets, especially when processing digital art images with complex styles and abstract forms the classification accuracy and generalization ability are significantly improved. In addition, the model also shows superiority in indicators such as specificity and Cohen's Kappa coefficient, which further verifies the effectiveness of the combination strategy. This enhanced DCNN not only has broad application prospects in the field of digital art but also provides a valuable reference for other image classification tasks.

The study is to assess the behaviour and impact of various neural network parameters and their effects on the classification accuracy of remotely sensed images which resulted in successful classification of an IRS-1B LISS II image of Roorkee and its surrounding areas using neural network classification techniques. The method can be applied for various defence applications, such as for the identification of enemy troop concentrations and in logistical planning in deserts by identification of suitable areas for vehicular movement. Five parameters, namely training sample size, number of hidden layers, number of hidden nodes, learning rate and momentum factor were selected. In each case, sets of values were decided based on earlier works reported. Neural network-based classifications were carried out for as many as 450 combinations of these parameters. Finally, a graphical analysis of the results obtained was carried out to understand the relationship among these parameters. A table of recommended values for these parameters for achieving 90 per cent and higher classification accuracy was generated and used in classification of an IRS-1B LISS II image. The analysis suggests the existence of an intricate relationship among these parameters and calls for a wider series of classification experiments as also a more intricate analysis of the relationships.

Remote Sensing techniques has gained special interest, since it can be used for monitoring systems and phenomena in local or global scale, in a temporally and spatially continuous way. Artificial Neural Networks are able to work with large amounts of data, with different characteristics. ANN was used in this work as the purpose of classifying remote sensing data. It was used multi sources and high-resolution spatial data, such as spectral images and Laser Scanner elevation data to classify the class \"tree\". So, all the ANN created were specialist in tree class classification. In addition, the data used is from a densely urbanized area where there is a large variability of elevations and spectral characteristics. The results showed that the classification using both spectral and altimetry data resulted in better classifications than the use of only spectral information. It was also tested the influence of the size of samples for training the ANN, creating a learning curve for the ANN. It was noticed that with increasing the size of training samples there is a tendency to increase the accuracy in the classification. The global hits were above 87.5% when using only spectral data, and 97.5% when using spectral and altimetry data.

Microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi play essential roles in many application fields, like biotechnique, medical technique and industrial domain. Microorganism counting techniques are crucial in microorganism analysis, helping biologists and related researchers quantitatively analyze the microorganisms and calculate their characteristics, such as biomass concentration and biological activity. However, traditional microorganism manual counting methods, such as plate counting method, hemocytometry and turbidimetry, are time-consuming, subjective and need complex operations, which are difficult to be applied in large-scale applications. In order to improve this situation, image analysis is applied for microorganism counting since the 1980s, which consists of digital image processing, image segmentation, image classification and suchlike. Image analysis-based microorganism counting methods are efficient comparing with traditional plate counting methods. In this article, we have studied the development of microorganism counting methods using digital image analysis. Firstly, the microorganisms are grouped as bacteria and other microorganisms. Then, the related articles are summarized based on image segmentation methods. Each part of the article is reviewed by methodologies. Moreover, commonly used image processing methods for microorganism counting are summarized and analyzed to find common technological points. More than 144 papers are outlined in this article. In conclusion, this paper provides new ideas for the future development trend of microorganism counting, and provides systematic suggestions for implementing integrated microorganism counting systems in the future. Researchers in other fields can refer to the techniques analyzed in this paper.

Plant diseases and pests are important factors determining the yield and quality of plants. Plant diseases and pests identification can be carried out by means of digital image processing. In recent years, deep learning has made breakthroughs in the field of digital image processing, far superior to traditional methods. How to use deep learning technology to study plant diseases and pests identification has become a research issue of great concern to researchers. This review provides a definition of plant diseases and pests detection problem, puts forward a comparison with traditional plant diseases and pests detection methods. According to the difference of network structure, this study outlines the research on plant diseases and pests detection based on deep learning in recent years from three aspects of classification network, detection network and segmentation network, and the advantages and disadvantages of each method are summarized. Common datasets are introduced, and the performance of existing studies is compared. On this basis, this study discusses possible challenges in practical applications of plant diseases and pests detection based on deep learning. In addition, possible solutions and research ideas are proposed for the challenges, and several suggestions are given. Finally, this study gives the analysis and prospect of the future trend of plant diseases and pests detection based on deep learning.

Remote-sensing image scene classification can provide significant value, ranging from forest fire monitoring to land-use and land-cover classification. Beginning with the first aerial photographs of the early 20th century to the satellite imagery of today, the amount of remote-sensing data has increased geometrically with a higher resolution. The need to analyze these modern digital data motivated research to accelerate remote-sensing image classification. Fortunately, great advances have been made by the computer vision community to classify natural images or photographs taken with an ordinary camera. Natural image datasets can range up to millions of samples and are, therefore, amenable to deep-learning techniques. Many fields of science, remote sensing included, were able to exploit the success of natural image classification by convolutional neural network models using a technique commonly called transfer learning. We provide a systematic review of transfer learning application for scene classification using different datasets and different deep-learning models. We evaluate how the specialization of convolutional neural network models affects the transfer learning process by splitting original models in different points. As expected, we find the choice of hyperparameters used to train the model has a significant influence on the final performance of the models. Curiously, we find transfer learning from models trained on larger, more generic natural images datasets outperformed transfer learning from models trained directly on smaller remotely sensed datasets. Nonetheless, results show that transfer learning provides a powerful tool for remote-sensing scene classification.