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Recent progress in quantum computers severely endangers the security of widely used public-key cryptosystems and of all communication that relies on it. Thus, the US NIST is currently exploring new post-quantum cryptographic algorithms that are robust against quantum computers. Security is seen as one of the most critical issues of low-power IoT devices—even with pre-quantum public-key cryptography—since IoT devices have tight energy constraints, limited computational power and strict memory limitations. In this paper, we present, to the best of our knowledge, the first in-depth investigation of the application of potential post-quantum key encapsulation mechanisms (KEMs) and digital signature algorithms (DSAs) proposed in the related US NIST process to a state-of-the-art, TLS-based, low-power IoT infrastructure. We implemented these new KEMs and DSAs in such a representative infrastructure and measured their impact on energy consumption, latency and memory requirements during TLS handshakes on an IoT edge device. Based on our investigations, we gained the following new insights. First, we show that the main contributor to high TLS handshake latency is the higher bandwidth requirement of post-quantum primitives rather than the cryptographic computation itself. Second, we demonstrate that a smart combination of multiple DSAs yields the most energy-, latency- and memory-efficient public key infrastructures, in contrast to NIST’s goal to standardize only one algorithm. Third, we show that code-based, isogeny-based and lattice-based algorithms can be implemented on a low-power IoT edge device based on an off-the-shelf Cortex M4 microcontroller while maintaining viable battery runtimes. This is contrary to much research that claims dedicated hardware accelerators are mandatory.

\"Cryptography has been employed in war and diplomacy from the time of Julius Caesar. In our Internet age, cryptography's most widespread application may be for commerce, from protecting the security of electronic transfers to guarding communication from industrial espionage. This accessible introduction for undergraduates explains the cryptographic protocols for achieving privacy of communication and the use of digital signatures for certifying the validity, integrity, and origin of a message, document, or program. Rather than offering a how-to on configuring web browsers and e-mail programs, the author provides a guide to the principles and elementary mathematics underlying modern cryptography, giving readers a look under the hood for security techniques and the reasons they are thought to be secure\"-- Provided by publisher.

Certificates with digital signatures embed identifying information and documentation into plasmid sequences to make them self-documenting.Certificates of 260 base pairs contain references to online documentation, and larger features can embed documentation files, such as gene annotations or data files, directly into the plasmid sequence.Plasmid variants are serialized with unique identification numbers so that customized documents can be directly associated with instances of individual plasmids.Self-documenting certified plasmid sequences are verified and their documentation retrieved from de novo sequence assemblies.Plasmid certification and embedding documentation does not impede expression in either bacterial or mammalian cells. Plasmids are the workhorse of biotechnology. These small DNA molecules are used to produce recombinant proteins and to engineer living organisms. They can be regarded as the blueprints of many biotechnology products. Therefore, it is critical to ensure that the sequences of these DNA molecules match their intended designs. Yet, plasmid verification remains challenging. To secure the exchange of plasmids in research and development workflows, we have developed self-documenting plasmids that encode information about themselves in their own DNA molecules. Users of self-documenting plasmids can retrieve critical information about the plasmid without prior knowledge of the plasmid identity. The insertion of documentation in the plasmid sequence does not preclude their propagation in bacteria or functional fluorescent protein expression in mammalian cells. This technology simplifies plasmid verification, hardens supply chains, and has the potential to transform the protection of intellectual property (IP) in the life sciences. [Display omitted] We present a practical solution to link DNA molecules and their digital documentation. We experimentally validate certificates that make plasmids self-documenting by providing a link to their documentation or embedding the documentation in the DNA sequence. Ongoing efforts aim to evaluate commercial applications, and academic users can test this technology using a publicly available website. This technology has moved into the deployment phase corresponding to Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 7. Further experimental testing is needed to validate the technology beyond cell culture, but, based on our results, we anticipate little to no adverse effect of certification on higher organisms. Improved data-encoding techniques are still needed to increase the practicality of embedding large data files into certificates of reasonable length. Areas for immediate future development include extended error correction capability, enhanced user permission settings, and the integration of screening algorithms for biocompatibility and sequences of concern. Certification improves the documentation process for plasmid sharing, with implications for basic research, bioproduction, biosurveillance, and clinical and commercial development. Disconnect between plasmid molecules and their digital documentation is common. We developed self-documenting plasmids with certificates that encode documentation directly in the plasmid sequence or as a digital reference. This technology enables secure verification of plasmid accuracy, improved document sharing, and an avenue for asserting intellectual property rights over sequences.

The ability to quickly and accurately verify the authenticity of synthetic DNA sequences is critical for cyberbiosecurity efforts.Watermarks and digital signatures are the primary techniques for embedding attribution information into DNA sequences, and often implement error detection and correction to ensure robust communication.Digital signatures provide integrity, authenticity, and non-repudiation assurances to facilitate the secure public verification of DNA sequences, and can even make DNA sequences self-documenting.Features such as invisibility and zero-knowledge proofs may allow DNA signatures to be used to combat counterfeit genetically modified organisms (GMOs).Machine learning approaches are being implemented to predict the source of unsigned DNA sequences. In a bioeconomy that relies on synthetic DNA sequences, the ability to ensure their authenticity is critical. DNA watermarks can encode identifying data in short sequences and can be combined with error correction and encryption protocols to ensure that sequences are robust to errors and securely communicated. New digital signature techniques allow for public verification that a sequence has not been modified and can contain sufficient information for synthetic DNA to be self-documenting. In translating these techniques from bacteria to more complex genetically modified organisms (GMOs), special considerations must be made to allow for public verification of these products. We argue that these approaches should be widely implemented to assert authorship, increase the traceability, and detect the unauthorized use of synthetic DNA. In a bioeconomy that relies on synthetic DNA sequences, the ability to ensure their authenticity is critical. DNA watermarks can encode identifying data in short sequences and can be combined with error correction and encryption protocols to ensure that sequences are robust to errors and securely communicated. New digital signature techniques allow for public verification that a sequence has not been modified and can contain sufficient information for synthetic DNA to be self-documenting. In translating these techniques from bacteria to more complex genetically modified organisms (GMOs), special considerations must be made to allow for public verification of these products. We argue that these approaches should be widely implemented to assert authorship, increase the traceability, and detect the unauthorized use of synthetic DNA.

Digital signatures are in high demand because they allow authentication and non-repudiation. Existing digital signature systems, such as digital signature algorithm (DSA), elliptic curve digital signature algorithm (ECDSA), and others, are based on number theory problems such as discrete logarithmic problems and integer factorization problems. These recently used digital signatures are not secure with quantum computers. To protect against quantum computer attacks, many researchers propose digital signature schemes based on error-correcting codes such as linear, Goppa, polar, and so on. We studied 16 distinct papers based on various error-correcting codes and analyzed their various features such as signing and verification efficiency, signature size, public key size, and security against multiple attacks.

Blockchain, as one of the most promising technology, has attracted tremendous attention. The interesting characteristics of blockchain are decentralized ledger and strong security, while non-repudiation is the important property of information security in blockchain. A digital signature scheme is an effective approach to achieve non-repudiation. In this paper, the characteristics of blockchain and the digital signature to guarantee information non-repudiation are firstly discussed. Secondly, the typical digital signature schemes in blockchain are classified and analyzed, and then the state-of-the-art digital signatures are investigated and compared in terms of application fields, methods, security, and performance. Lastly, the conclusions are given, and some future works are suggested to stir research efforts in this field. Our works will facilitate to design efficient and secure digital signature algorithms in blockchain.

While Blockchain technology is universally considered as a significant technology for the near future, some of its pillars are under a threat of another thriving technology, Quantum Computing. In this paper, we propose important safeguard measures against this threat by developing a framework of a quantum-secured, permissioned blockchain called Logicontract (LC). LC adopts a digital signature scheme based on Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) mechanisms and a vote-based consensus algorithm to achieve consensus on the blockchain. The main contribution of this paper is in the development of: (1) unconditionally secure signature scheme for LC which makes it immune to the attack of quantum computers; (2) scalable consensus protocol used by LC; (3) logic-based scripting language for the creation of smart contracts on LC; (4) quantum-resistant lottery protocol which illustrates the power and usage of LC.

The concept of undeniable signature scheme was proposed by Chaum and Antwerpen in 1989. In this scheme, the signature can only be verified by the verifier with the co-operation of the signer. In this paper, we propose a novel undeniable signature scheme based on the structure of group ring. We consider the well studied hard problems, that is, inverse computation problem (ICP) and discrete logarithm problem (DLP) in group ring and show that under the chosen message attack, our scheme is strongly unforgeable, invisible and secure against impersonation attack. These security notions, that is, strongly unforgeability, invisibility and impersonation are defined through three different games. In order to practically realize the scheme, we discuss a case study in which we generate the signature for a message and then verify it through the verification algorithm. Finally, we compare our scheme with several other renowned schemes available in the literature and show it is efficient in terms of the total execution time.

With the advancement of modern technologies, the digitization of metering data has significantly improved the efficiency and accuracy of data collection, analysis, and management. However, the growing prevalence of data tampering techniques has raised serious concerns regarding the trustworthiness and integrity of such data. To address this challenge, this study proposes an improved SM2 digital signature algorithm enhanced with high-precision time information to strengthen the reliability of metering data. The proposed algorithm incorporates high-precision timestamps into the signature generation and verification processes, while optimizing the structure of the signature algorithm—particularly the modular inversion operation—to reduce computational costs. Experimental results demonstrate that the improved algorithm not only significantly enhances signature generation efficiency but also improves temporal validity and security by leveraging high-precision time information. It effectively mitigates risks associated with random number dependency and replay attacks, offering a secure and efficient solution for trustworthy metering data verification.