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Several sanitary measures must be adopted during the milking process to minimize the transmission of mastitis-causing agents that can be transferred to the milk, depreciating its microbiological quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an emulgel composed by propolis and clove essential oil in post-dipping for lactating cows. For the in vitro inhibition test against Staphylococcus aureus, was observed a greater effectiveness (88%) of clove essential oil (Syzygium Aromatum) comparing to the other components of the emulgel. For the field test, five animals were used for the control group (iodine) and five animals with emulgel (hydrated Carbopol® + propolis and essential oil of leaf clove) as post-dipping, applied daily to the teats of lactating cows with the aid of conventional applicators after milking. Milk samples were collected on days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28, for the evaluation of milk composition and somatic cell count (SCC) and microbiological evaluation. No significant effects were observed for the variable fats and SCC (p > 0.05). However, for the protein variable, effects were significant for the interaction between the control group, the emulgel and the evaluated days (p < 0.05). The lactose variable showed significant effects for the evaluation days (p < 0.05). The staphylococcal count in milk was similar for both evaluated groups. The emulgel has promising characteristics for use as a post-dipping disinfectant.

Silica–titania hybrid membranes were fabricated via a straightforward dipping method and evaluated for their hydrogen separation performance. Several titania precursors—including TIP, TNBT, TTBT, and DIBAAT—were investigated, with DIBAAT-based membranes exhibiting the highest H2/SF6 selectivity of 100 in a single-dip process, implying a catalytic effect on membrane formation. Reducing the precursor concentration enhanced H2 permeability, as 15 wt% precursor solutions produced thinner and more selective membranes. Furthermore, repeated dipping with 15 wt% solutions improved molecular sieving behavior, reaching a maximum H2/SF6 selectivity of 419. In contrast, higher precursor concentrations (50 wt%) resulted in thicker membranes, diminished permeance, and surface cracking attributed to excessive precursor reactions during fabrication. These findings underscore the critical influence of precursor type and concentration in optimizing the fabrication of high-performance silica–titania membranes for hydrogen separation applications.

The number of open access articles published in hybrid journals has increased recently. However, there are concerns over the practice of double dipping, when hybrid journals charge for publishing the same article twice, once for subscription and once for open access. To determine whether double dipping occurs, this study examined the relationship between the subscription prices for hybrid journals and the proportions of open access articles in hybrid journals. Two simultaneous equations of subscription prices and article processing charges for Wiley’s 1141 hybrid journals were estimated using the full information maximum likelihood method. The results revealed that the increased proportions of open access articles did not result in lower subscription prices; thus, there is no denying that double dipping occurs. Furthermore, the article processing charges are affected by subscription prices, whereas subscription prices are significantly unaffected by article processing charges. The findings suggest that article processing charges rise in tandem with increased subscription prices; therefore, university libraries and consortiums must exercise caution when making subscription contracts with publishers.

The 1 January 2024 Noto-Hanto (Noto Peninsula) earthquake (M JMA 7.6) generated strong ground motion, large crustal deformation and tsunamis that caused significant damage in the region. Around Noto Peninsula, both offshore submarine and partially inland active faults have been identified by previous projects: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) and Japan Sea Earthquake and Tsunami Research Project (JSPJ). We inverted the tsunami waveforms recorded on 6 wave gauges and 12 tide gauges around Sea of Japan and the GNSS data recorded at 53 stations in Noto Peninsula to estimate the slip amount and seismic moment on each of active faults. The results show that the 2024 coseismic slips were 3.5 m, 3.2 m, and 3.2 m on subfaults NT4, NT5 and NT6 of the JSPJ model, located on the northern coast of Noto Peninsula and dipping toward southeast. A smaller slip, 1.0 m, estimated on NT8 on the southwestern end of the 2024 rupture, may be attributed to its previous rupture during the 2007 Noto earthquake. The total length of these four faults is ~ 100 km, and the seismic moment is 1.90 × 10 20 Nm (Mw = 7.5). Almost no slip was estimated on the northeastern subfaults NT2 and NT3, which dip northwestward, opposite to NT4–NT5–NT6, and western subfault NT8. Aftershocks including the M JMA 6.1 event occurred in the NT2–NT3 region, but they are smaller than the potential magnitude (Mw 7.1) those faults can release in a tsunamigenic earthquake. Similar features are also found for the MLIT model; the 2024 slip was only on F43 along the northern coast of Noto Peninsula, and northeastern F42 did not rupture, leaving potential for future event. Graphical Abstract

The reactivity of aluminium compounds is dominated by their electron deficiency and consequent electrophilicity; these compounds are archetypal Lewis acids (electron-pair acceptors). The main industrial roles of aluminium, and classical methods of synthesizing aluminium–element bonds (for example, hydroalumination and metathesis), draw on the electron deficiency of species of the type AlR 3 and AlCl 3 1 , 2 . Whereas aluminates, [AlR 4 ] − , are well known, the idea of reversing polarity and using an aluminium reagent as the nucleophilic partner in bond-forming substitution reactions is unprecedented, owing to the fact that low-valent aluminium anions analogous to nitrogen-, carbon- and boron-centred reagents of the types [NX 2 ] − , [CX 3 ] − and [BX 2 ] − are unknown 3 – 5 . Aluminium compounds in the +1 oxidation state are known, but are thermodynamically unstable with respect to disproportionation. Compounds of this type are typically oligomeric 6 – 8 , although monomeric systems that possess a metal-centred lone pair, such as Al(Nacnac) Dipp (where (Nacnac) Dipp  = (NDippCR) 2 CH and R =  t Bu, Me; Dipp = 2,6- i Pr 2 C 6 H 3 ), have also been reported 9 , 10 . Coordination of these species, and also of (η 5 -C 5 Me 5 )Al, to a range of Lewis acids has been observed 11 – 13 , but their primary mode of reactivity involves facile oxidative addition to generate Al( iii ) species 6 – 8 , 14 – 16 . Here we report the synthesis, structure and reaction chemistry of an anionic aluminium( i ) nucleophile, the dimethylxanthene-stabilized potassium aluminyl [K{Al(NON)}] 2 (NON = 4,5-bis(2,6-diisopropylanilido)-2,7-di- tert -butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene). This species displays unprecedented reactivity in the formation of aluminium–element covalent bonds and in the C–H oxidative addition of benzene, suggesting that it could find further use in both metal–carbon and metal–metal bond-forming reactions. An aluminium compound is synthesized in which the aluminium is formally anionic; reactions with various substrates suggest that this compound acts as the nucleophilic partner in both metal–carbon and metal–metal bond-forming reactions.

The quantum statistics of atoms is typically observed in the behavior of an ensemble via macroscopic observables. However, quantum statistics modifies the behavior of even two particles. Here, we demonstrate near-complete control over all the internal and external degrees of freedom of two laser-cooled 87Rb atoms trapped in two optical tweezers. This controllability allows us to observe signatures of indistinguishability via two-particle interference. Our work establishes laser-cooled atoms in optical tweezers as a promising route to bottom-up engineering of scalable, low-entropy quantum systems.

On 8 September 2023 an MW 6.8 earthquake struck the High Atlas Mountains of western Morocco, about 70 km southwest from Marrakesh, causing significant devastation and casualties. In this study, we investigate a comprehensive geodetic data set, employing interferometric synthetic aperture radar measurements to assess the fault segment responsible for the seismic event. Our findings suggest two potential fault scenarios: either a transpressive NNW‐dipping high‐angle (70°) fault related to the Tizi n'Test alignment or a transpressive SSW‐dipping low‐angle (22°) fault associated with the North Atlas Fault, with slip (up to 2.2 m) only occurring on deeper parts of the fault. While seismic catalogs couldn't definitively determine the dip direction of the fault, evidence from mainshock locations, gravity and heat flow data and modeling, and active shortening direction suggest the activation of a low‐angle south‐westerly dipping oblique thrust of the North Atlas fault during the 2023 Moroccan earthquake. Plain Language Summary On 8 September 2023, a powerful earthquake with a magnitude of 6.8 hit the High Atlas Mountains in western Morocco, causing significant damage and loss of life. In this research, a thorough geodetic analysis was conducted using a technique called interferometric synthetic aperture radar to identify the causative fault. The results suggest two potential fault scenarios: one involves a steeply dipping fault related to the Tizi n'Test crustal structure, while the other suggests a gently dipping fault associated with the North Atlas Fault. As far as existing aftershock records do not allow determination of the angle of the fault, clues from the locations of the mainshock, gravity and heat flow data and modeling, and the direction of active compression suggest that a gently dipping fault was likely activated during the 2023 earthquake in Morocco. Key Points Coseismic ground deformation of the 2023 Morocco earthquake measured with interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data InSAR data allow for two possibilities: the rupture of an intramontane high‐angle fault or of a border low‐angle thrust Based on aftershock distribution, crustal thickness, and regional tectonic stress orientation, the low‐angle solution is more likely

Coal gangue is widely used as a filling material in coal seam mining. During the gangue filling in steeply dipping coal seam, the loading rate, gangue gradation, and filling speed have an important impact on the deformation and failure of gangue, and further affect the bearing of gangue on overlying strata and the control of surrounding rock movement and deformation. Therefore, this article uses a self-made steel cylinder to conduct a gangue compression test on the HCT pressure testing machine. The research analyzes the influence of loading rate, gangue gradation, and filling rate on the deformation law of gangue in the compression process. After completing the test, the gangues with different particle size groups were rescreened, weighed, and recorded to analyze the crushing situation in the compression process. The results show that loading rate, gangue gradation, and filling speed have greatly influenced filling gangue's bearing capacity, deformation, and crushing rate. The larger the loading rate of gangue, the greater the bearing capacity and deformation of gangue, and the higher the crushing rate of gangue. The smaller the gangue gradation, the smaller the deformation, and the stronger the resistance to deformation. A more optimized gangue gradation ratio is obtained according to the distribution law of the mass proportion of gangue with different particle size groups after compression. The faster the filling speed of manual filling gangue, the greater the strength and deformation of the gangue body. Moreover, the faster filling speed can effectively improve when the strength reaches the peak and deformation tend to be stable. The results can provide theoretical guidance for the local filling of artificial gangue in the longwall working face of steeply dipping coal seam.

Volcanic rifted margins are typically associated with a thick magmatic layer of seaward dipping reflectors and anomalous regional uplift. This is conventionally interpreted as due to melting of an arriving mantle plume head at the onset of rifting. However, seaward dipping reflectors and uplift are sometimes asymmetrically distributed with respect to the subsequent plume track. Here we investigate if these asymmetries are induced by preexisting lateral variations in the thickness of continental lithosphere and/or lithospheric stretching rates, variations that promote lateral sublithospheric flow of plume material below only one arm of the extending rift. Using three-dimensional numerical experiments, we find that South Atlantic rifting is predicted to develop a strong southward asymmetry in its distribution of seaward dipping reflectors and associated anomalous relief with respect to the Tristan Plume that “drove” this volcanic rifted margin, and that the region where plume material drains into the rift should experience long-lived uplift during rifting—both as observed. We conclude that a mantle plume is still needed to source the anomalously hot sublithospheric material that generates a volcanic rifted margin, but lateral along-rift flow from this plume, not a broad starting plume head, is what controls when and where a volcanic rifted margin will form.

The study is aimed to enhance the shelf life of ivy gourd through the solar drying method in open, forced, and natural convection mode. Ivy gourd is treated as the primary agent to prepare medicines and the stems, leaves and flowers are used to cure diseases related to diabetics, ulcer and skin. The normal shelf life is 2–3 days and it can be increased up to 6 months with an effective drying process. The experiment is intended to find the best drying process among the open, natural, and forced convection mode with an initial dipping method with ascorbic acid, lemon juice, sugar solution, honey solutions individually, and a control sample (without dipping). A 3 kg sample of ivy gourd is dipped in 10 g/L of each of the solutions and it is used for the three drying processes individually. The obtained results are indicating that the forced convection method for ascorbic acid is best among the other drying method, with the highest moisture diffusivity is 7.88 × 10 −8 m 2 /s and the lowest activation energy of 21.12 kJ/mol. The lemon juice sample is found to have better sensory appeal in terms of colour (darkness) and shrinkage followed by honey, ascorbic acid, and control sample, whereas the honey-dipped sample offers a better taste followed by lemon juice-dipped samples, control, and ascorbic acid-dipped samples, respectively. The influence of dipping solution and drying mechanisms on the functionalities of drying are discussed with suitable illustrations. Graphical abstract