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"Discourse Context"
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The role of discourse context frequency in phonological variation: A usage-based approach to bilingual speech production
Missing from the body of literature on contact-induced phonological influence are studies that examine language variation as it occurs in speech production among members of a speech community. This study uses a corpus of naturally occurring Spanish/English code-switched discourse to determine whether cross-language phonological effects are evident in the data. Specifically, 2629 tokens of word-initial /d/ were analyzed in spontaneous interactions to identify the linguistic factors that condition the variable reduction (unreduced [d], reduced [ð]/Ø) of /d-/ in Spanish words. Cognate words (doctor) were found to reduce significantly less often than non-cognate words (después ‘after’). However, a significant effect is found for a novel, contextually informed measure that estimates words’ proportion of use in online contexts promoting reduction (Frequency in a Favorable Context). The greater a word’s prior exposure to online contexts promoting reduction, the greater the likelihood of reduced articulations. Indeed, this work argues that the distinction between cognates and non-cognates in fact emerges through this cumulative effect of significantly different patterns of use in discourse. Cognate /d/ words are used overall (considering speakers’ use of both English and Spanish) less often in contexts that promote reduction than non-cognate words. As a result of the diminished net exposure to reducing environments, per usage-based grammar, the lexical representations of cognate words have strengthened non-reduced exemplars ([d]). The distinct rates of variation for cognate words thus emerge from distinct usage patterns. This paper proposes such a focus on usage patterns within naturally occurring speech for phonological analyses within contact linguistics.
Journal Article
The storied nature of human life : the life and work of Theodore R. Sarbin
This book sheds new light on the life and the influence of one of the most significant critical thinkers in psychology of the last century, Theodore R. Sarbin (1911-2005). In the first section authors provide a comprehensive account of Sarbin's life and career. The second section consists in a collection of ten publications from the last two decades of his career. The essays cover topics such as the adoption of contextualism as the appropriate world view for psychology, the establishment of narrative psychology as a major mode of inquiry, and the rejection both mechanism and mentalism as suitable approaches for psychology. The book is historically informed and yet focused on the future of psychological theory and practice. It will engage researches and scholars in psychology, social scientists and philosophers, as well general readership interested in exploring Sarbin's theories. Publisher's description
Book
Coordinating constituents in hierarchical discourse structures
The information needed in discourse to connect each constituent to the preceding one in a text is added from the discourse context in the text. A unit with initial y “and” is a coordinating constituent but it has subordinating properties, as shown in data from journalistic interviews, analyzed in terms of focus and change of discourse topic
Journal Article
PROPUESTAS ALTERNATIVAS A LAS POLÍTICAS OFICIALES SOBRE LA FRONTERA A TRAVÉS DE DOS PERIODISTAS SUSPENDIDOS: FELICIANO CAVIA Y FRANCISCO CASTAÑEDA
In this article we will study alternative proposals to the official political line on the border and the Indians in newspapers in Buenos Aires between 1820 and 1824. To do this, we will analyze cases of editors involved in printing lawsuits during those years: Pedro Cavia and Francisco Castañeda. In a discursive context with predominant rhetorical violence that aimed to legitimize a war of extermination against the indians, these writers published some divergent opinions. The objective will be to investigate those dissidences that, despite the hegemony of the militarist line, were able to circulate in the press. To accomplish this, we will observe two fundamental moments. First, at the end of 1820, within the framework of the first military expedition to the border, through El Imparcial and La Matrona Comentadora de los Cuatro Periodistas. Second, between mid-1821 and all of 1822, while a second expedition was planned, through El Patriota and Doña María Retazos.
Journal Article
Use of Referential Discourse Contexts in L2 Offline and Online Sentence Processing
The present study aimed to investigate (a) the extent to which Chinese-speaking learners of English in Taiwan use referential noun phrase (NP) information contained in discourse contexts to complete ambiguous noun/verb fragments in a sentence completion task, and (b) whether and when they use the contexts to disambiguate main verb versus reduced relative clause (MV/RRC) ambiguities in real time. Results showed that unlike native English speakers, English learners did not create a marked increase in RRC completions in biasing two-NP-referent discourse contexts except for advanced learners. Nevertheless, like native speakers, the learners at elementary, intermediate, and advanced English proficiency levels all used the information in a later stage of resolving the MV/RRC ambiguities in real time. The delayed effect of referential context information observed suggests that L2 learners, like native speakers, are able to construct syntax-to-discourse mappings in real time. It also suggests that processing of syntactic information takes precedence over integration of syntactic information with discourse information during L1 and L2 online sentence processing.
Journal Article
Gesture and legitimation in the anti-immigration discourse of Nigel Farage
Critical discourse analysis (CDA) increasingly recognises the role played by multiple semiotic modes in the discursive construction of social identities and inequalities. One embodied mode that has not been subject to any systematic analysis within CDA is gesture. An area where gesture has been extensively studied, and where it is shown to bear significant semiotic load in multimodal utterances, is cognitive linguistics. Here, we use insights from cognitive linguistics to provide a detailed qualitative analysis of gestures in a specific discursive context – the anti-immigration discourse of Nigel Farage. We describe the gestures that accompany a range of rhetorical tropes typical of anti-immigration discourses and critically analyse their role, alongside speech, in communicating prejudice and legitimating discriminatory action. Our analysis suggests that gesture is an important part of political discourse which is worthy of further investigation in future CDA research.
Journal Article
Analyse the Function of Discourse Markers Using in Naturally Occurring Discourses and Planned Speeches
This article delves into the multifaceted role of discourse markers in both naturally occurring conversations and planned speeches. Discourse markers, which are linguistic units that aid in establishing coherence and connectivity within discourse, are explored in their various functions and contexts. In the realm of spontaneous discourse, such as a talk show interview with the Avengers cast, the author highlights the strategic use of discourse markers like ‘and.’ These markers serve to build logical connections between sentences, maintain the flow of actions, de-escalate discourse processes, and reopen interactional agendas. The author exemplifies how ‘and’ is employed strategically to navigate interruptions, manage pauses, and sustain the coherence of the conversation. In planned discourses, like a TED speech by Cameron Russell, the focus shifts towards using discourse markers for enhancing coherence and clarity. Here, ‘so’ and ‘but’ are analyzed in their roles of signaling transitions, foreshadowing connections between sentences, and introducing elements of contrast or surprise. These discourse markers serve as indispensable tools for guiding the audience through the logical progression of the speaker’s thoughts and ensuring a deeper understanding of the discourse. Overall, the article underscores the versatile and impactful nature of discourse markers, which can serve different functions in spontaneous and planned discourse contexts. Whether it’s facilitating smooth transitions, managing interruptions, or enhancing coherence, discourse markers play a pivotal role in shaping effective communication.
Journal Article
Metadiscourse, knowledge advancement, and emotions in primary school students’ knowledge building
Knowledge Building principles such as real ideas, authentic problems; epistemic agency; and collective responsibility for advancement of community knowledge convey ways in which Knowledge Building mirrors work in knowledge-creating communities. Previous studies suggest Metadiscourse—discourse about discourse—helps sustain and improve community knowledge. Do students’ emotions differ during metadiscourse compared to other discourse contexts? Is metadiscourse even possible in early elementary grades? If so, what emotions are associated with discourse moves requiring high-level reflection on prior discourse? Is it possible that such reflection engenders positive emotions required for sustained creative work with ideas? To address these issues, the authors engaged 22 grade 2 students (7 years old) in monthly metadiscourse sessions over four months, during which they discussed how their ideas changed, what they still wondered about, and what ideas they wanted to pursue. Video recordings of face-to-face sessions, online Knowledge Forum notes, students’ interviews, teacher’s reflections, and field notes were analyzed using discourse analysis, multi-faceted coding, and correlation analysis. The authors examined how students’ emotions and discourse moves differ in Knowledge Building discourse and metadiscourse and correlations between emotions and different discourse moves. The results show: (1) greater levels of enjoyment, reflection on previous ideas, and proposals for new directions for inquiry during metadiscourse sessions; (2) confidence positively associated with explanations and proposals for new directions for inquiry; (3) positive emotions associated with increasingly challenging cognitive work. The relationships between early elementary-grade students’ emotions and cognition during Knowledge Building is an underdeveloped area of investigation; in an effort to guide future research a model for regulating emotions in Knowledge Building is presented.
Journal Article
Overview of Computer Measures of the Referential Process
The Referential Process (RP) has three functions or processes, called Arousal, Symbolizing, and Reflecting/Reorganizing. Taken together, these provide a framework within which to address the question: how do people connect nonverbal experience and verbal forms. The purpose of this paper is to describe the Discourse Attributes Analysis Program (DAAP), which uses certain dictionaries or word lists to produce measures that model the referential process functions. These dictionaries are also described. The referential process may occur in any type of discourse context and the DAAP computer system may be applied to any type of verbal data. The focus in this paper is on transcripts of psychotherapy sessions. DAAP provides numeric and graphic data at several levels of discourse including word-by-word data concerning dictionary matches; average data for each turn of speech; average data for each speaker for each session; numeric data and graphic images for each session; and overall session data for each treatment. Graphic images of the ebb and flow of these computer generated functions of the referential process over the course of a therapy session are presented and interpreted. There are also discussions of new relational measures, as well as the referential process data base, which currently contains numerical data for 22 treatments, and presentations of several applications.
Journal Article