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Climate scientists have long emphasized the importance of climate tipping points like thawing permafrost, ice sheet disintegration, and changes in atmospheric circulation. Yet, save for a few fragmented studies, climate economics has either ignored them or represented them in highly stylized ways. We provide unified estimates of the economic impacts of all eight climate tipping points covered in the economic literature so far using a meta-analytic integrated assessment model (IAM) with a modular structure. The model includes national-level climate damages from rising temperatures and sea levels for 180 countries, calibrated on detailed econometric evidence and simulation modeling. Collectively, climate tipping points increase the social cost of carbon (SCC) by ∼25% in our main specification. The distribution is positively skewed, however. We estimate an ∼10% chance of climate tipping points more than doubling the SCC. Accordingly, climate tipping points increase global economic risk. A spatial analysis shows that they increase economic losses almost everywhere. The tipping points with the largest effects are dissociation of ocean methane hydrates and thawing permafrost. Most of our numbers are probable underestimates, given that some tipping points, tipping point interactions, and impact channels have not been covered in the literature so far; however, our method of structural meta-analysis means that future modeling of climate tipping points can be integrated with relative ease, and we present a reduced-form tipping points damage function that could be incorporated in other IAMs.

The latest advancements in cellulose and its derivatives are the subject of this study. We summarize the characteristics, modifications, applications, and properties of cellulose. Here, we discuss new breakthroughs in modified cellulose that allow for enhanced control. In addition to standard approaches, improvements in different techniques employed for cellulose and its derivatives are the subject of this review. The various strategies for synthetic polymers are also discussed. The recent advancements in polymer production allow for more precise control, and make it possible to make functional celluloses with better physical qualities. For sustainability and environmental preservation, the development of cellulose green processing is the most abundant renewable substance in nature. The discovery of cellulose disintegration opens up new possibilities for sustainable techniques. Based on the review of recent scientific literature, we believe that additional chemical units of cellulose solubility should be used. This evaluation will evaluate the sustainability of biomass and processing the greenness for the long term. It appears not only crucial to dissolution, but also to the greenness of any process.

In this paper, the disintegration of the 220kV gas insulated switchgear (GIS) basin-type insulator which discharge is occurred during the restoring power supply process of a 220kV transformer substation is introduced. The relay protection action is analyzed and the results of predelivery test are traced. Meanwhile, the electric field of the basin-type insulator is simulated and analyzed. Finally, the cause of discharge fault of basin-type insulator is determined.

Granite residual soil has obvious disintegration characteristics, resulting in serious water and soil losses in South China. There is a lack of studies on the disintegration of granite residual soil. Therefore, it is important to determine the disintegration characteristics of granite residual soil, especially under combined influence of wetting-drying cycles and acid rain. Granite residual soil from Jinqiao Village, Yudou County of South China, was used as experimental material. The disintegration velocity was evaluated to investigate the effects of wetting-drying cycles and acid rain on soil disintegration characteristics. Under the pH conditions of acid rain, disintegration velocity increases as the number of wetting-drying cycles increases (from 0 to 4), reaches a maximum after four wetting-drying cycles; then remains relatively constant as the wetting-drying cycle number increases from 4 to 7. Meanwhile, under conditions of a given wetting-drying cycle number, disintegration velocity increases with the decrease in pH from 7 to 4, reaches a maximum at a pH of 4, and then remains relatively constant when the pH decreases from 4 to 1. Moreover, the disintegration velocity under the combined influence of wetting-drying cycles and acid rain is considerably higher than that under individual factor.

Lithium-ion batteries with ever-increasing energy densities are needed for batteries for advanced devices and all-electric vehicles. Silicon has been highlighted as a promising anode material because of its superior specific capacity. During repeated charge-discharge cycles, silicon undergoes huge volume changes. This limits cycle life via particle pulverization and an unstable electrode-electrolyte interface, especially when the particle sizes are in the micrometer range. We show that the incorporation of 5 weight % polyrotaxane to conventional polyacrylic acid binder imparts extraordinary elasticity to the polymer network originating from the ring sliding motion of polyrotaxane. This binder combination keeps even pulverized silicon particles coalesced without disintegration, enabling stable cycle life for silicon microparticle anodes at commercial-level areal capacities.

Titanium carbide (Ti₃C₂Tₓ) MXene has great potential for use in aerospace and flexible electronics due to its excellent electrical conductivity and mechanical properties. However, the assembly of MXene nanosheets into macroscopic high-performance nanocomposites is challenging, limiting MXene’s practical applications. Here we describe our work fabricating strong and highly conductive MXene sheets through sequential bridging of hydrogen and ionic bonding. The ionic bonding agent decreases interplanar spacing and increases MXene nanosheet alignment, while the hydrogen bonding agent increases interplanar spacing and decreases MXene nanosheet alignment. Successive application of hydrogen and ionic bonding agents optimizes toughness, tensile strength, oxidation resistance in a humid environment, and resistance to sonication disintegration and mechanical abuse. The tensile strength of these MXene sheets reaches up to 436 MPa. The electrical conductivity and weight-normalized shielding efficiency are also as high as 2,988 S/cm and 58,929 dB·cm²/g, respectively. The toughening and strengthening mechanisms are revealed by molecular-dynamics simulations. Our sequential bridging strategy opens an avenue for the assembly of other high-performance MXene nanocomposites.

Critical barriers to layered Ni-rich cathode commercialisation include their rapid capacity fading and thermal runaway from crystal disintegration and their interfacial instability. Structure combines surface modification is the ultimate choice to overcome these. Here, a synchronous gradient Al-doped and LiAlO 2 -coated LiNi 0.9 Co 0.1 O 2 cathode is designed and prepared by using an oxalate-assisted deposition and subsequent thermally driven diffusion method. Theoretical calculations, in situ X-ray diffraction results and finite-element simulation verify that Al 3+ moves to the tetrahedral interstices prior to Ni 2+ that eliminates the Li/Ni disorder and internal structure stress. The Li + -conductive LiAlO 2 skin prevents electrolyte penetration of the boundaries and reduces side reactions. These help the Ni-rich cathode maintain a 97.4% cycle performance after 100 cycles, and a rapid charging ability of 127.7 mAh g −1 at 20 C. A 3.5-Ah pouch cell with the cathode and graphite anode showed more than a 500-long cycle life with only a 5.6% capacity loss. The commercialisation of promising Ni-rich cathodes is limited by capacity fading and thermal runaway. Here, the authors design a gradient Al-doped and LiAlO 2 -coated LiNi 0.9 Co 0.1 O 2 cathode, which addresses the crystal degradation and interfacial instability and thus improves the cycle and thermal stabilities.

The aim of this study is to compare alternative treatments on solvent-free extraction of high added value components from fermented grape pomace. Ultrasounds (US), pulsed electric fields (PEF) and high voltage electric discharges (HVED), which are physical treatments able to induce cell damages, were applied on aqueous suspensions of grape pomace. The efficiency of these technologies for phenolic compounds extraction, and particularly for anthocyanins recovery, was evaluated throughout the treatments at equivalent cell disintegration indexes (Z). HVED proved to be the most interesting technique to achieve higher phenolic compounds recovery with lower energy requirement than PEF and US at the same values of Z. However, HVED was less selective than PEF and US regarding the amount of anthocyanins recovered. At equivalent cell disintegration of Z  = 0.8, PEF remarkably increased the extraction yield of total anthocyanins up to 22 and 55 % in comparison with US and HVED-assisted extractions. At this Z value, the ratio of total anthocyanins to TPC extracted reaches the respective values of 41.7, 34.9 and 14.1 % for PEF, US and HVED, thus demonstrating interesting differences of selectivity of the treatments.