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This volume discusses the advantages and drawbacks of ten approaches to AVT and highlights the potential avenues opened up by new methods. Originally published as a special issue of Target 28:2 (2016).

»Vielmehr bietet [der Kommentar] auf höchstem Niveau eine substantielle Auseinandersetzung mit den Hintergründen, den Zusammenhängen, der Theorie und der Praxis des Grundgesetzes. Besseres lässt sich von einem Verfassungskommentar nicht sagen.“ Herbert Günther Staaatsanzeiger für das Land Hessen 2018 (50), 1494–1495 The 4th edition of the first volume of this work provides an update of the commentary on the preamble and articles 1 to 19 in case law and literature. The structure of the book has been retained and its content supplemented by more recent developments, such as the implications of Europeanisation and digitalisation as well as the Corona pandemic. As of the 4th edition, Frauke Brosius-Gersdorf has taken over the editorship of the commentary. Die 4. Auflage bringt zunächst die Kommentierung der Präambel und der Art. 1 bis 19 auf den aktuellen Stand von Judikatur und Literatur. Die grundlegende Struktur des Kommentares wurde beibehalten und um neuere Entwicklungen wie die Implikationen der Europäisierung und Digitalisierung sowie der Corona-Pandemie ergänzt.Die Herausgeberschaft des Kommentares hat ab der 4. Auflage Frauke Brosius-Gersdorf übernommen. Auch im Autorenkreis sind personelle Veränderungen zu verzeichnen: Mit Ausnahme von Frauke Brosius-Gersdorf, Alexander Thiele und Ferdinand Wollenschläger, die bereits an der 3. Auflage mitgewirkt haben, liegen die Kommentierungen in den Händen neuer Autorinnen und Autoren.Der Kommentar erscheint in drei Bänden und wird nur geschlossen abgegeben.Der Grundgesetz-Kommentar ist Bestandteil des Moduls Verfassungsrecht PREMIUM, das bei beck-online.de erhältlich ist.

The purpose of this study was to document and translate the oral literature of the Riantana tribe which was maintained and preserved as one of the distinctiveness of the archipelago culture. In this study, researchers used a qualitative descriptive method. Where in this study the researchers tried to collect oral literature that was maintained from time to time. In this study, researchers used to interview and recording methods. The research result obtained in this study shows that the Riantana Sub-tribe has oral literature which is passed down from generation to generation. Oral literature is reviewed and translated into \"Karewawa\" oral literature. The results of the recording and interviews were rewritten and translated so that they became one of the interesting stories when reading in language Indonesian.

This contribution describes the ocean biogeochemical component of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory's Earth System Model 4.1 (GFDL‐ESM4.1), assesses GFDL‐ESM4.1's capacity to capture observed ocean biogeochemical patterns, and documents its response to increasing atmospheric CO2. Notable differences relative to the previous generation of GFDL ESM's include enhanced resolution of plankton food web dynamics, refined particle remineralization, and a larger number of exchanges of nutrients across Earth system components. During model spin‐up, the carbon drift rapidly fell below the 10 Pg C per century equilibration criterion established by the Coupled Climate‐Carbon Cycle Model Intercomparison Project (C4MIP). Simulations robustly captured large‐scale observed nutrient distributions, plankton dynamics, and characteristics of the biological pump. The model overexpressed phosphate limitation and open ocean hypoxia in some areas but still yielded realistic surface and deep carbon system properties, including cumulative carbon uptake since preindustrial times and over the last decades that is consistent with observation‐based estimates. The model's response to the direct and radiative effects of a 200% atmospheric CO2 increase from preindustrial conditions (i.e., years 101–120 of a 1% CO2 yr−1 simulation) included (a) a weakened, shoaling organic carbon pump leading to a 38% reduction in the sinking flux at 2,000 m; (b) a two‐thirds reduction in the calcium carbonate pump that nonetheless generated only weak calcite compensation on century time‐scales; and, in contrast to previous GFDL ESMs, (c) a moderate reduction in global net primary production that was amplified at higher trophic levels. We conclude with a discussion of model limitations and priority developments. Plain Language Summary This paper describes and evaluates the ocean biogeochemical component of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory's Earth System Model 4.1 (GFDL‐ESM4.1). GFDL‐ESM4.1 was developed to study the past, present, and future evolution of the Earth system under scenarios for natural and anthropogenic drivers of Earth system change, including greenhouse gases and aerosols. The response of the ocean's vast carbon and heat reservoirs to accumulating greenhouse gases greatly reduces their atmospheric and terrestrial impacts, but also puts ocean environments and the marine resources they support at risk. Relative to previous models, GFDL‐ESM4.1 improves the representation of (a) ocean food webs connecting plankton and fish; (b) biological processes influencing the sequestration of carbon in the deep ocean; and (c) land‐atmosphere‐ocean nutrient exchanges. While simulations have biases, they capture many critical aspects of the global ocean carbon cycle and ocean ecosystem, including the observed uptake of anthropogenic carbon over the last ~150 yr. Projections suggest that continued CO2 increases could significantly decrease ocean productivity and the ocean's capacity to sequester atmospheric carbon. Key Points Enhanced plankton food webs, remineralization, and Earth system linkages yield skillful global carbon cycle and ecosystem simulations Ocean productivity estimates improved, but phosphate limitation and hypoxia overestimated in some areas High CO2 and associated warming substantially reduce the biological pump and ocean productivity across trophic levels

The real research strength of an institution is important for establishing research priorities and developing an institutional research plan. It can also be used as a basis for SWOT analysis, developing vision-mission of an institution and also useful for research funder in distributing their research grants. Unfortunately, there was only a small number of researches found. In this article, we proposed a new method to quantify the quality of research outputs. The method is suitable for measuring research strength. We applied the method to an institution using research articles downloaded from a reputable document database/index. The results were research strength map in 27 subject areas and 337 subject categories.

In the post‑memory discourse the visual and textual remains – images and narrations – function as the main media connecting the present and the past. Whereas this text concentrates on the meaning of the body as a medium of memory transmission. On the one hand, recalling the corporeal aspects present in Marianne Hirsch’s works, on the other – Rebecca Schneider’s theories placing the question of the body as an archive in the very centre, as well as Alison Landsberg’s concept of prosthetic memories, the author shows how today’s theatre, performance and video art concerned with the issue of the Shoah, try to offer the possibility of the body‑to‑body transmission of history and collective experience.

Quantifying the timing and conditions of ductile deformation is essential for quantitative models of lithospheric deformation. Yet, directly constraining these variables and documenting how they change during a single deformation event remain difficult. We present titanite microstructural, zoning, trace‐element, and U‐Pb data from

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