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FAMILY VIOLENCE AND FOOTBALL: THE EFFECT OF UNEXPECTED EMOTIONAL CUES ON VIOLENT BEHAVIOR
We study the link between family violence and the emotional cues associated with wins and losses by professional football teams. We hypothesize that the risk of violence is affected by the \"gain-loss\" utility of game outcomes around a rationally expected reference point. Our empirical analysis uses police reports of violent incidents on Sundays during the professional football season. Controlling for the pregame point spread and the size of the local viewing audience, we find that upset losses (defeats when the home team was predicted to win by four or more points) lead to a 10% increase in the rate of at-home violence by men against their wives and girlfriends. In contrast, losses when the game was expected to be close have small and insignificant effects. Upset wins (victories when the home team was predicted to lose) also have little impact on violence, consistent with asymmetry in the gain-loss utility function. The rise in violence after an upset loss is concentrated in a narrow time window near the end of the game and is larger for more important games. We find no evidence for reference point updating based on the halftime score.
Journal Article
Effect of a structural intervention for the prevention of intimate-partner violence and HIV in rural South Africa: a cluster randomised trial
HIV infection and intimate-partner violence share a common risk environment in much of southern Africa. The aim of the Intervention with Microfinance for AIDS and Gender Equity (IMAGE) study was to assess a structural intervention that combined a microfinance programme with a gender and HIV training curriculum.
Villages in the rural Limpopo province of South Africa were pair-matched and randomly allocated to receive the intervention at study onset (intervention group, n=4) or 3 years later (comparison group, n=4). Loans were provided to poor women who enrolled in the intervention group. A participatory learning and action curriculum was integrated into loan meetings, which took place every 2 weeks. Both arms of the trial were divided into three groups: direct programme participants or matched controls (cohort one), randomly selected 14–35-year-old household co-residents (cohort two), and randomly selected community members (cohort three). Primary outcomes were experience of intimate-partner violence—either physical or sexual—in the past 12 months by a spouse or other sexual intimate (cohort one), unprotected sexual intercourse at last occurrence with a non-spousal partner in the past 12 months (cohorts two and three), and HIV incidence (cohort three). Analyses were done on a per-protocol basis. This trial is registered with
ClinicalTrials.gov, number
NCT00242957.
In cohort one, experience of intimate-partner violence was reduced by 55% (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] 0·45, 95% CI 0·23–0·91; adjusted risk difference −7·3%, −16·2 to 1·5). The intervention did not affect the rate of unprotected sexual intercourse with a non-spousal partner in cohort two (aRR 1·02, 0·85–1·23), and there was no effect on the rate of unprotected sexual intercourse at last occurrence with a non-spousal partner (0·89, 0·66–1·19) or HIV incidence (1·06, 0·66–1·69) in cohort three.
A combined microfinance and training intervention can lead to reductions in levels of intimate-partner violence in programme participants. Social and economic development interventions have the potential to alter risk environments for HIV and intimate-partner violence in southern Africa.
Journal Article
Dream houses on the water
\"How do architects treat the drama of water and nature? Do they defer to it with a simple dwelling that grows out of the land, or make a statement with bold materials and forms? From the sleek, low-slung Water Villa de Omval in Amsterdam, to the eccentric House on the Greenland Sea, this book takes us on an in-depth tour of 30 private residences by leading architects in locations dedicated to waterfront leisure. The houses are situated along rivers, pristine mountain lakes, Atlantic beaches, or on the Norwegian cliffs overlooking the fjord. Their sites' climate, topography, and morphology is varied, and the text addresses the architects' response, as well as the challenges of building on the water. Included here are glamorous dream villas, elegant huts, hermetic buildings, and minimalist temples. Each is accompanied by plans, sketches, and diagrams\"--Cover.
Book
Understanding the Impact of a Microfinance-Based Intervention on Women's Empowerment and the Reduction of Intimate Partner Violence in South Africa
Objectives. We sought to obtain evidence about the scope of women’s empowerment and the mechanisms underlying the significant reduction in intimate partner violence documented by the Intervention With Microfinance for AIDS and Gender Equity (IMAGE) cluster-randomized trial in rural South Africa. Methods. The IMAGE intervention combined a microfinance program with participatory training on understanding HIV infection, gender norms, domestic violence, and sexuality. Outcome measures included past year’s experience of intimate partner violence and 9 indicators of women’s empowerment. Qualitative data about changes occurring within intimate relationships, loan groups, and the community were also collected. Results. After 2 years, the risk of past-year physical or sexual violence by an intimate partner was reduced by more than half (adjusted risk ratio=0.45; 95% confidence interval=0.23, 0.91). Improvements in all 9 indicators of empowerment were observed. Reductions in violence resulted from a range of responses enabling women to challenge the acceptability of violence, expect and receive better treatment from partners, leave abusive relationships, and raise public awareness about intimate partner violence. Conclusions. Our findings, both qualitative and quantitative, indicate that economic and social empowerment of women can contribute to reductions in intimate partner violence.
Journal Article
The way to a man’s heart is through his stomach?: a mixed methods study on causal mechanisms through which cash and in-kind food transfers decreased intimate partner violence
Background
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is highly prevalent and has detrimental effects on the physical and mental health of women across the world. Despite emerging evidence on the impacts of cash transfers on intimate partner violence, the pathways through which reductions in violence occur remain under-explored. A randomised controlled trial of a cash and in-kind food transfer programme on the northern border of Ecuador showed that transfers reduced physical or sexual violence by 30 %. This mixed methods study aimed to understand the pathways that led to this reduction.
Methods
We conducted a mixed methods study that combined secondary analysis from a randomised controlled trial relating to the impact of a transfer programme on IPV with in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with male and female beneficiaries. A sequential analysis strategy was followed, whereby qualitative results guided the choice of variables for the quantitative analysis and qualitative insights were used to help interpret the quantitative findings.
Results
We found qualitative and quantitative evidence that the intervention led to reductions in IPV through three pathways operating at the couple, household and individual level: i) reduced day-to-day conflict and stress in the couple; ii) improved household well-being and happiness; and iii) increased women’s decision making, self-confidence and freedom of movement. We found little evidence that any type of IPV increased as a result of the transfers.
Discussion
While cash and in-kind transfers can be important programmatic tools for decreasing IPV, the positive effects observed in this study seem to depend on circumstances that may not exist in all settings or programmes, such as the inclusion of a training component. Moreover, the programme built upon rather than challenged traditional gender roles by targeting women as transfer beneficiaries and framing the intervention under the umbrella of food security and nutrition – domains traditionally ascribed to women.
Conclusions
Transfers destined for food consumption combined with nutrition training reduced IPV among marginalised households in northern Ecuador. Evidence suggests that these reductions were realised by decreasing stress and conflict, improving household well-being, and enhancing women’s decision making, self-confidence and freedom of movement.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT02526147
. Registered 24 August 2015.
Journal Article
Don't cry
A collection of stories unfolding against the backdrop of American life over the last thirty years
Book
Evaluating the spillover effects of the Sugira Muryango home-visiting intervention on temperament of children aged (0.3–3years) exposed to domestic violence: A cluster randomized controlled trial
Domestic violence, intimate partner violence, and violence against children and women adversely affect children's well-being. The Sugira Muryango Program (SM) in Rwanda, a home-visiting intervention, aimed to to improve caregiving practices and family dynamics, may also have potential indirect effects on children's temperament.
This study assesses the impact of SM on the temperament of younger children whose families benefited from the intervention, comparing their temperament with those under usual care.
This study utilized a spillover effect cohort design, focusing on 247 younger siblings of children enrolled in the Sugira Muryango Program (SM) to assess potential spillover effects of the intervention. The temperament of these siblings was measured using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised Short Form, which was translated into native language of the respondents. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed using SPSS version 29, with the treatment group (SM vs. UC) as the main predictor and temperament as the dependent variable.
The analysis showed no statistically significant differences in key temperament traits such as surgency, negative emotionality, and orienting capacity between the intervention and control groups. The findings indicated that changes in surgency (B = 1.984, t = 1.183, p = 0.24), negative emotionality (B = -1.657, t = -0.915, p = 0.36), and orienting capacity (B = 0.551, t = 0.313, p = 0.75) were not significant.
The results suggest that SM had limited spillover effects on the temperament traits of younger siblings. Given that the intervention was primarily designed to improve broader family dynamics rather than directly impact child temperament, these findings highlight the importance of focusing on direct intervention strategies aimed explicitly at the target child population. Future research should align with the theory of change by examining caregiver-related outcomes, such as parenting practices and mental health, which may influence child temperament. Additionally, considering potential external factors like the COVID-19 pandemic may have influenced the effectiveness of the intervention.
Journal Article