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The removal of phosphorus (P) from domestic wastewater is primarily to reduce the potential for eutrophication in receiving waters, and is mandated and common in many countries. However, most P-removal technologies have been developed for use at larger wastewater treatment plants that have economies-of-scale, rigorous monitoring, and in-house operating expertise. Smaller treatment plants often do not have these luxuries, which is problematic because there is concern that P releases from small treatment systems may have greater environmental impact than previously believed. Here P-removal technologies are reviewed with the goal of determining which treatment options are amenable to small-scale applications. Significant progress has been made in developing some technologies for small-scale application, namely sorptive media. However, as this review shows, there is a shortage of treatment technologies for P-removal at smaller scales, particularly sustainable and reliable options that demand minimal operating and maintenance expertise or are suited to northern latitudes. In view of emerging regulatory pressure, investment should be made in developing new or adapting existing P-removal technologies, specifically for implementation at small-scale treatment works.

\"Create an Oasis describes how to choose, build, and use a simple greywater system (some can be completed in an afternoon). Going deeper, it explains how to integrate efficient fixtures, user habits, plant selection and location, rainwater, greywater, and freshwater irrigation for your soil and site conditions.\" -- Provided by publisher.

Chronic and episodic water shortages are becoming common in many regions of the United States, and population growth in water-scarce regions further compounds the challenges. Increasingly, alternative water sources such as graywater-untreated wastewater that does not include water from the toilet but generally includes water from bathroom sinks, showers, bathtubs, clothes washers, and laundry sinks- and stormwater-water from rainfall or snow that can be measured downstream in a pipe, culvert, or stream shortly after the precipitation event-are being viewed as resources to supplement scarce water supplies rather than as waste to be discharged as rapidly as possible. Graywater and stormwater can serve a range of non-potable uses, including irrigation, toilet flushing, washing, and cooling, although treatment may be needed. Stormwater may also be used to recharge groundwater, which may ultimately be tapped for potable use. In addition to providing additional sources of local water supply, harvesting stormwater has many potential benefits, including energy savings, pollution prevention, and reducing the impacts of urban development on urban streams. Similarly, the reuse of graywater can enhance water supply reliability and extend the capacity of existing wastewater systems in growing cities. Despite the benefits of using local alternative water sources to address water demands, many questions remain that have limited the broader application of graywater and stormwater capture and use. In particular, limited information is available on the costs, benefits, and risks of these projects, and beyond the simplest applications many state and local public health agencies have not developed regulatory frameworks for full use of these local water resources. To address these issues, Using Graywater and Stormwater to Enhance Local Water Supplies analyzes the risks, costs, and benefits on various uses of graywater and stormwater. This report examines technical, economic, regulatory, and social issues associated with graywater and stormwater capture for a range of uses, including non-potable urban uses, irrigation, and groundwater recharge. Using Graywater and Stormwater to Enhance Local Water Supplies considers the quality and suitability of water for reuse, treatment and storage technologies, and human health and environmental risks of water reuse. The findings and recommendations of this report will be valuable for water managers, citizens of states under a current drought, and local and state health and environmental agencies.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the performance of Pistia stratiotes for treatment of domestic wastewater in a free surface water flow constructed wetland. The objective of the study was to evaluate contaminants removal efficiency of the constructed wetland vegetated with P. stratiotes in treatment of domestic wastewater against Hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 10, 20 and 30 days was investigated. This asks for newer and efficient low-cost nature-based water treatment system which along with cost takes into consideration the sustainability of the ecosystem. Five constructed wetland setups improved the wastewater quality and purify it significantly by reducing the TDS by 83%, TSS by 82%, BOD by 82%, COD by 81%, Chloride by 80%, Sulfate by 77%, NH 3 by 84% and Total Oil and Grease by 74%. There was an increase in pH of about 11.9%. Color and odor of wastewater was also improved significantly and effectively. It was observed that 30 days’ HRT was optimum for the treatment of domestic wastewater. The final effluent was found to be suitable as per national environmental quality standards and recycled for watering plants and crop irrigation but not for drinking purposes. The treatment in constructed wetland system was found to be economical, as the cost of construction only was involved and operational and maintenance cost very minimal. Even this research was conducted on the sole purpose of commuting the efficiency of pollutant removal in short span time.

Integrated constructed wetlands (ICWs) are regarded as one of the most important removal technology for pollutants in rural domestic wastewaters. This study investigated the efficiency of an ICW consisting of a regulating pool, four surface and subsurface flow-constructed wetlands, and a stabilization unit for removing antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from rural domestic wastewaters. The results showed that antibiotics leucomycin, ofloxacin, lincomycin, and sulfamethazine, and ARGs sul 1, sul 2, tet M, and tet O were the predominant antibiotics and ARGs in the influent, respectively. The ICW system could significantly reduce most of the detected antibiotics and ARGs with their aqueous removal rates of 78 to 100 % and >99 %, respectively. Based on the measured concentrations, the total pollution loadings of antibiotics were 3,479 μg/day in the influent and 199 μg/day in the final effluent. Therefore, constructed wetlands could be a promising technology for rural wastewater in removing contaminants such as antibiotics and ARGs.

Rural domestic wastewater (RDW), one of the non-point pollution sources, has become a significant object related to sanitation improvement and water pollution control in Taihu Lake Basin, China. Current research on RDW characteristics and management with source separation is limited. In this study, a source-separated investigation into the characteristics of RDW was conducted, and the management suggestions were proposed. The results showed that the average RDW production coefficient was 94.1 ± 31.6 (range: 71.8–143.0) liters per capita (person) per day. Household-level wastewater generation peaked two or three times daily, and the synchronous fluctuation could cause hydraulic loading shocks to treatment facilities. The population equivalents of chemical oxygen demand, ammonium nitrogen (NH4+–N), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) in RDW were 78.7, 3.7, 4.12, and 0.8 g/(cap·d), respectively. Blackwater from water closet source accounted for 30.4% of the total wastewater amount, contributing 93.0%, 81.7%, and 67.3% to loads of NH4+-N, TN, and TP, respectively. Graywater from the other sources with low nutrient-related pollutant concentrations and loads, accounting for 69.6% of the total wastewater amount, was a considerable alternative water resource. The quantitative and qualitative characteristics indicated that GW and BW had the potential of being reused in relation to water and nutrients, respectively.

To mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the wastewater treatment industry, it is crucial to explore GHG emission patterns and propose useful measures. In this study, we use the Kaya model and LMDI decomposition method to analyze the changes in GHG emissions from urban domestic wastewater treatment at the provincial level and further explore the distribution characteristics and driving factors of urban domestic wastewater treatment GHG emissions across various years and regions. The results indicate the following: (1) In the temporal dimension, urban domestic wastewater treatment GHG emissions are increasing, from 21.0 MtCO 2 in 2011 to 27.1 MtCO 2 in 2020, with an average annual growth rate of 2.88%. The spatial distribution is high in the southeast and low in the northwest. There is variability in the spatial evolution trend of GHG emissions by province, with the growth rate becoming slower or even negative in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and North China, while the average annual growth rate exceeds 25% in Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang. (2) According to the decomposition results of driving factors, economic scale is the dominant positive driver, and the positive contributions of TI and the population effect are limited. The sludge disposal structure is the main negative driver, and the EEI and technology have restricted negative contributions. (3) Based on the decomposition results, for major coastal GHG emitters, such as Guangdong and Shandong, it is necessary to invest capital and technology to continuously upgrade the wastewater treatment process and reduce non-CO 2 emissions. Along with adopting circular economy schemes, local governments in the northwestern region should transform the traditional sludge disposal structure and optimize the power supply structure to increase carbon offset and reduce CO 2 emissions. The findings suggest a low-carbon transformation path to support the industry’s dual carbon goals.

Understanding the behavior of pathogenic bacterial groups from domestic wastewater in surface water is critical to improving sanitation risk assessment and supporting effective policy implementation. Despite their importance, their behavior in freshwater environments is not fully understood. This study examined the behavior of pathogenic bacterial groups frequently found in domestic wastewater–Aeromonas, Arcobacter, and Mycobacterium—in freshwater microcosms containing domestic wastewater with different initial ammonium-nitrogen (NH4+-N) concentrations (2, 5, and 15 mg N L−1). Digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) assays with propidium monoazide (PMA) pretreatment were used to evaluate the behavior of viable targeted bacteria. Aeromonas and Arcobacter decayed quickly after the experiment began, with typical first-order decay constants of 0.718 to 0.820 day−1 and 1.14 to 1.19 day−1, respectively. These rates were comparable or higher than those of Escherichia coli, an indicator of fecal contamination (0.586–0.680 day−1). Conversely, the abundance of Mycobacterium increased over the course of the 7-day experiment. The decay or growth of the target bacterial groups in the microcosms under aerobic conditions was not affected by varying NH4+-N concentrations. Sequencing of the near-full-length 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (16S rRNA) gene amplicons with PMA pretreatment revealed that the primary Aeromonas and Arcobacter populations in the initial microcosms were pathogenic species relatives. Conversely, the major Mycobacterium populations thriving in the microcosms were presumably uncultured species with low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (< 98.65%) to the cultured species. This study provides insights to improve sanitation risk assessment and promote suitable policy implementation.

The high organic content of domestic wastewater on small islands increases the risk of environmental pollution and disease spread. Limited resources and infrastructure exacerbate waste management challenges in these regions. This study aimed to identify local bacteria from domestic wastewater and test the effectiveness of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in degrading BOD and COD. This study was conducted in the Spermonde Islands of Makassar City. Wastewater samples were collected from six locations and analyzed using MALDI-TOF MS. Effectiveness tests were carried out in a simple 5 L ex situ bioreactor using a completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors: bacterial inoculum concentration (0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) and incubation time (2, 4, 6, and 8 days). Pseudomonas aeruginosa effectively reduced BOD and COD by 64–77% and 63–77%, respectively. Variations in inoculum concentration did not significantly affect BOD and COD reduction (p > 0.05), whereas incubation time had a significant effect (p < 0.05). The highest removal efficiency was observed on day 6. These findings suggest that optimizing the incubation time is more critical than increasing the inoculum concentration for successful bioremediation. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a practical and economical option for supporting sustainable wastewater management on small islands and can be integrated into household-scale communal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to improve treatment effectiveness.