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\"This study suggests that multitasking constitutes an important source of gender inequality, which can help explain previous findings that mothers feel more burdened and stressed than do fathers even when they have relatively similar workloads. Using data from the 500 Family Study, including surveys and the Experience Sampling Method, the study examines activities parents simultaneously engage in and how they feel when multitasking. We find that mothers spend 10 more hours a week multitasking compared to fathers and that these additional hours are mainly related to time spent on housework and childcare. For mothers, multitasking activities at home and in public are associated with an increase in negative emotions, stress, psychological distress, and work-family conflict. By contrast, fathers' multitasking at home involves less housework and childcare and is not a negative experience. We also find several similarities by gender. Mothers' and fathers' multitasking in the company of a spouse or children are positive experiences, whereas multitasking at work, although associated with an increased sense of productivity, is perceived as a negative experience.\" (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku). Die Untersuchung enthält quantitative Daten. Forschungsmethode: empirisch; Befragung. Die Untersuchung bezieht sich auf den Zeitraum 1999 bis 2000.

Fathers face conflicting expectations as both involved caregivers and traditional breadwinners. This study examines the tensions of this dual role using data from the Cohort ‘18—Growing Up in Hungary birth cohort study, analyzing responses from over 1,700 fathers of 18‐month‐old children collected between October 2019 and December 2020, using linear regression models. We assess how fathers’ workloads, perceived work–family conflict, and fathering‐role attitudes—their own and their partners’—relate to the division of caregiving tasks on weekdays and weekends. Results show that caregiving remains largely the mother’s responsibility, with fathers reporting relatively low involvement. Moreover, longer working hours and higher work–family conflict are associated with reduced paternal involvement in childcare tasks. Egalitarian attitudes—particularly fathers’—are linked to greater paternal engagement, especially on weekdays, where a one‐unit increase in the fathering index is associated with a 10.6% increase in task‐sharing. This suggests that egalitarian attitudes may be most consequential during weekdays, when fathers face time constraints and competing priorities, compared to more flexible weekend periods.

I report on measures of life satisfaction and emotional well-being across groups of college-educated women, based on whether they have a career, a family, both, or neither. The biggest premium to life satisfaction is associated with having a family. While there is also a life satisfaction premium associated with having a career, women do not seem able to “double up” on these premiums. A qualitatively similar picture emerges from the emotional well-being data. Among college-educated women with family, those with a career spend a larger share of their day unhappy, sad, stressed and tired.

Does employment provide respite or add stress to caregivers? As a result of population aging and increasing female employment rates, growing numbers are facing the competing demands of paid work and caregiving. This study explores the effect of providing regular personal care by employment status on six dimensions of psychological well-being. We concentrate on partner and parent care recipients and differentiate between in-household and out-of-household caregiving. We use cross-sectional data from the Norwegian Life Course, Ageing and Generation study ( n  = 11,047, age 25–64). Results indicate that out-of-household caregiving has no significant relationship with men or women’s well-being, irrespective of employment status. In-household caregiving, however, relates to lower psychological well-being, but only among women who do not work full-time. The advantages of full-time employment to caregivers may be due to greater opportunity to achieve the full benefits that this role has to offer. There is little to suggest that combining work and caregiving harms well-being. In fact, a “double burden” seems to be experienced by women who combine extensive caregiving with limited employment.

The school to work transition in Central and Eastern Europe is a highlighted research topic because of the market transformation. The article investigates graduates from tertiary education from the perspective of their human capital investments, labelled as 'double status position' when students study and work at the same time and acquire work experience during their studies. The article distinguishes two forms of this activity: study-related and non-study-related work. Data used in the article come from recently available data sets, which surveyed respondents who had graduated from tertiary education five years prior to the projects. A broad range of Central and Eastern European countries are analysed in this study. The data contain retrospective information on studies, work activities undertaken while studying, as well as on parental education. Two research questions are studied in the article. First, the salience of the double status position is compared. Second, the influence of work activity during study on entry into the labour force is investigated using two dependent variables: the length of time graduates needed to find a job and the quality of the first job in terms of a good match between education and work. Multivariate regression models are applied to study the research questions. Results reveal that the occurrence of double status positions for graduates is in line with institutional transformation, and with the deregulation of the tertiary education system and the labour market. The impact of the acquired work experience also varies by country and depends on institutional and individual features.

Wenn Unterricht als Subjektivierungsgeschehen betrachtet wird, wendet sich der Blick zunächst auf diejenigen Adressaten, für die er in erster Linie veranstaltet wird - die Schüler*innen. Angesichts der Relationalität von Adressierungspraktiken versuchen die Autor*innen jedoch, im Beitrag zu zeigen, dass das Adressierungsgeschehen als mindestens reziprok zu untersuchen ist. Anhand eines Transkriptauszuges aus einer Mathematiklektion in der Primarschule, die von einer Studentin im ersten Praktikum durchgeführt wird, wird gezeigt, wie eine Praxislehrerin die Studentin und einen Schüler im Verlauf des Unterrichtsgeschehen bezüglich der auch fachlichen Auseinandersetzung adressiert und damit aus dem Hintergrund die Ordnung des Unterrichts bestimmt. Die Rekonstruktion zeigt einen doppelten situativen Subjektivierungsprozess, in dem die Lehrerin durch starke Positionierungen ihre Vorstellungen von Unterricht durchsetzt. (DIPF/Orig.) When teaching is considered as a process of subjectivation, the focus is initially on the addressees for whom it is primarily organised - the pupils. In view of the relationality of addressing practices, however, we try to show in this article that the addressing process must be examined as at least reciprocal. Based on a transcript fragment from a primary school mathematics lesson conducted by a teacher student in her first internship, we show how a mentor teacher addresses the student and a pupil during the lesson with regard to the subject matter and thus determines the order of the lesson from the background. The reconstruction shows a double situational subjectivation process in which the mentor teachers ideas about teaching are enforced through strong positioning. (DIPF/Orig.)

This paper explores how inflows of low-skilled immigrants impact the tradeoffs women face when making joint fertility and labor supply decisions. I find increases in fertility and decreases in labor force participation rates among high-skilled US-born women in cities that have experienced larger immigrant inflows. Most interestingly, these changes have been accompanied by decreases in the strength of the negative correlation between childbearing and labor force participation, an often-used measure of the difficulty with which women combine motherhood and labor market work. Using a structured statistical model, I show that the immigrant-induced attenuation of this negative correlation can explain about 24% of the immigrant-induced increases in the joint likelihood of childbearing and labor force participation in the US between the years 1980 and 2000.

This study tested Pleck's (1977) hypothesis concerning gender differences in the relative permeability of work and family boundaries. Data were obtained from a randomly drawn community sample of 631 employed adults (278 men; 353 women). Respondents reported that work interfered with family life (W → F conflict) more frequently than family life interfered with work (F → W conflict). These results suggest that work and family boundaries are indeed asymmetrically permeable with family boundaries being more permeable than work boundaries. However, there was no evidence of gender differences in the pattern of asymmetry, indicating that the dynamics of work and family boundaries may operate similarly among men and women. Implications for future research are discussed.

The study examined relationships among work and family role stressors, work-family conflict, social support, and well-being using data gathered from 119 men and 119 women who were partners in a two-career relationship. Results showed that within- domain relationships of stressors with well-being are stronger than between-domain relationships. Thus, work and family role stressors were primarily related to job satisfaction and family satisfaction respectively, whereas work and family role stressors as well as work-family conflict were associated with overall life stress. Similar results were found for the relationships of social support with well-being. Work support was associated with increased job satisfaction. While spouse support was associated with greater family satisfaction. Some gender differences were found in the relationships of stressors as social support with well-being. Implications of the findings for future research on work-family dynamics were discussed.

This study compares the educational, employment, health and partnership outcomes of teenage mothers with outcomes of women first giving birth in their twenties and those without children. The study finds that teenage motherhood has a range of negative effects, some of which worsen over time (e.g. educational outcomes) and others diminish over time (e.g. employment effects). Although some of the associations of teenage motherhood with poorer outcomes in the first years after birth are unlikely to be causal since they disappear after ensuring treatment and control group are comparable, other associations remain strong. Propensity score matching analysis suggests that relative to childless women: teenage mothers are less likely to complete Year 12, be employed, and be in good health; they are more likely to smoke; and have less personal income.