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"Drought management."
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Evolution of drought management policies and practices in the United States
The evolution of United States (US) national and federal drought policies is examined, and the relative effectiveness of the hierarchy of federal, state and local drought management programs and practices is evaluated within the context of changing philosophies of water management. While there is no ‘national’ drought management policy, there is a strong federal policy that attempts to coordinate the management responses of numerous federal agencies. Drought and flood management comprise the key components of assuring national ‘water security’. Early 20th century US water resources management was very effective in providing the essential prerequisites of ‘water and economic security’ through a rapid expansion of water storage capacity, flood control, hydropower, irrigation and conveyance facilities as the basis for a robust national economic development program. Increasing water supply capacity has proven to be the most effective strategic drought management option. Today, federal drought management policies and programs focus mainly on demand reduction strategies, buttressed by a powerful array of environmental regulatory programs that strive to attain sustainable resource use. Climate uncertainty will again require greater focus on supply-side options that increase water supply robustness and resilience, especially in the growing urban areas of the semi-arid west.
Journal Article
Integrated drought management
\"The first volume of this comprehensive global perspective on Integrated Drought Management is focused on understanding drought, causes, and the assessment of drought impacts. It explains different types of drought: agricultural, meteorological, hydrological, and socio-economic droughts, their indices and the impact of climate change on drought. The volume also examines spatio-temporal analysis of drought, variability and patterns, assessment, and drought evaluation. With numerous case studies from India, Mexico, Turkey, Brazil, US, and other countries, this volume serves as a valuable resource for all readers who want to advance their knowledge on drought and risk management\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Drought indices supporting drought management in transboundary watersheds subject to climate alterations
There is growing concern in Iraq about the inefficiency of reactive drought management practices. Corresponding actions are largely characterized as emergency-based responses that treat the symptoms of drought rather than consider the vulnerability components associated with impacts. The Diyala watershed shared between Iraq and Iran has been used as an example transboundary river basin marked by ineffectiveness of drought management. The standardized precipitation index and the reconnaissance drought index were used to determine the historical meteorological drought episodes and analysis indicated climate change-induced alterations in the area. Spatiotemporal drought maps were drawn, which can be used for the identification of drought prone areas and assist with proactive planning. This paper discusses the underlying causes of the impairments of drought management policies, and the challenges and difficulties accompanying the governance of drought in Iraq. Given the influence of climate change and the upstream anthropogenic pressures, the time has come to adopt a gradual nation-wide transition step to drought risk planning incorporating a management approach at the transboundary scale. Moreover, the institutional and technical water vulnerability components associated with drought management should be considered in an integrated manner. The paper presents a generic technical template to support decision-makers in drought risk management.
Journal Article
Vulnerability and Adaptation to Drought
Although there is considerable historical literature describing the social and economic impact of drought on the prairies in the 1930s, little has been written about the challenges presented by drought in more contemporary times. The drought of 2001-02 was, for example, the most recent large-area, intense, and prolonged drought in Canada and one of Canada's most costly natural disasters in a century. Vulnerability and Adaptation to Drought describes the impacts of droughts and the adaptations made in prairie agriculture over recent decades. These adaptations have enhanced the capacity of rural communities to withstand drought. However, despite the high levels of technical adaptation that have occurred, and the existing human capital and vibrant social and information networks, agricultural producers in the prairie region remain vulnerable to severe droughts that last more than a couple of years. Research findings and projections suggest that droughts could become more frequent, more severe, and of longer duration in the region over the course of the 21st century. This book provides insights into the conditions generating these challenges and the measures required to reduce vulnerability of prairie communities to them. Developing greater understanding of the social forces and conditions that have contributed to enhanced resilience, as well as those which detract from successful adaptation, is a principal theme of the book. To that end, the book examines drought through an interdisciplinary lens encompassing climate science and the social sciences. Two of the chapters are based on the drought experiences of other countries in order to provide a comparative assessment.
eBook
Facing hydrometeorological extreme events : a governance issue
\"This book will first present a synthesis of hydrometeorological extreme events and their impacts on society; it will then show how societies are organizing themselves to face these extreme events. It will focus on the strategies of integration of risk management in governance and public policy. Theory will be systematically illustrated by real-life success stories of multilevel governance. The book will focus on several governance dimensions: individuals involved in extreme events at various decision-making systems, strategies and policy instruments, and also the resources mobilized in decision-making processes. Global initiatives such as the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030) adopted at the Third UN World Conference in Sendai, Japan in March 2015 will be referenced; as well as supporting a vision of possibilities as developed by the working group on climate change of the Common Implementation Strategy of the Water Framework Directive. This book is unique because it focuses on success stories of multilevel governance decision-making processes for managing hydro-meteorological extreme events at catchment scales. It will include the results of several EU-funded projects addressing hydrometeorological extreme events such as CLIMB, STARFLOOD and INTERREG IVB project DROP\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Facing up to drought events: Understanding the potentials and challenges within farming systems
Drought events, in combination with social, economic, and environmental issues such as food prices, limited access to water, and soil degradation, have made farmers more vulnerable in society. Therefore, focusing on traditional, conventional, and organic agricultural systems, this study evaluates social, economic, and environmental aspects of drought events along with the impacts of adaptation strategies on them simultaneously and globally. According to the findings, hydrological droughts have an average economic impact of approximately 1.2% on traditional agricultural systems. Furthermore, drought has significant socioeconomic effects, causing a 1.9% decrease in average livelihood in organic agricultural systems. However, drought does not have a statistically significant impact on conventional agriculture. The findings also revealed that conventional agriculture depends on expensive off-farm inputs that use large quantities of non-renewable fossil fuels. In addition, the selection of adaptation strategies in traditional agricultural systems led to an improvement in the economy (0.14%), livelihood (0.86%), and environment (0.62%). Overall, this study highlights the importance of examining different agricultural systems and their geographical distributions into account, through a global lens when assessing the impact of adaptation strategies to drought.
Journal Article
Delivering change : towards fit-for-purpose governance of adaptation to flooding and drought
This book addresses pressing challenges of policy makers, planners and project managers in the water sector to successfully implement adaptation action. Taking into account both strategic planning and implementation of adaptation projects, it provides principles and attributes that contribute to the effective delivery of adaptation to flooding and drought. The book is organised around questions of 'what?', 'when?', 'why?' and 'how?'. It explains that a governance approach to adaptation is effective when it is 'fit-for-purpose' in a specific social-ecological or socio-technical context. The concept of 'fit-for-purpose' governance is applied to evaluate the effectiveness of governance efforts in three Australian cities to adapt to a decade of drought. Based on a case study of the Room for the River flood protection programme in the Netherlands, this book describes how planned adaptation projects in multi-stakeholder settings can be managed effectively and how large scale investment programmes can contribute to a transition of a water system that is adapting to a changed context. The cases in Australia and the Netherlands are used to link governance for strategic planning and governance for the delivery of adaptation. Through combining insights about multi-level governance, adaptive governance, transition management, programme management this book enriches the scientific literature about adaptation to flooding and drought.
Book
Assessing agricultural drought management strategies in the Northern Murray–Darling Basin
The Northern Murray–Darling Basin (MDB) is a key Australian agricultural region requiring efficient Agricultural Drought Management (ADM), focused on resilience. Although a need for resilience in local farming communities has long been recognised, previous studies assessing ADM in the Northern MDB did not consider two key elements of resilient management: proactivity (preparing for drought prior to a drought event) and suitability (localised drought management targeted at decision-makers). This study assessed the current ADM Strategy (ADMS) implemented within five selected Northern MDB Local Government Areas (LGAs) (Paroo Shire, Balonne Shire, Murweh Shire, Maranoa Region, and Goondiwindi Region), specifically investigating the extent of ADMS proactivity, effectiveness, and suitability. To investigate suitability, drought risk extent of each LGA was determined. A region-specific drought risk index consisting of hazard, vulnerability and exposure indices was developed; risk mapping was conducted. All LGAs displayed very high levels of drought risk due to hazardous climatic conditions, vulnerable socio-economic attributes, and drought-exposed geographical features. A Criteria-Based Ranking (CBR) survey produced a quantitative effectiveness and proactivity rank for each major ADMS used in the Northern MDB. Government Assistance was the most proactive and effective ADMS. Strategy effectiveness ranks of the major ADMS used and drought risk extent found in each LGA were correlated to determine ADMS suitability. Overall, Balonne Shire and the Goondiwindi Region were identified as high priority areas requiring improved ADM. A user-centred Integrated Early Warning System (I-EWS) for drought could potentially increase ADM proactivity and suitability in such areas, strengthening drought resilience of farming communities.
Journal Article