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The dopamine motive system: implications for drug and food addiction
Key Points
The motivation to eat, like the motivation to take addictive drugs, activates the forebrain dopamine systems.
Excessive activation of this system strengthens the specific habits that precede the activation, sensitizing the animal's responsiveness to the specific conditions that elicit those habits.
At the same time, overactivation of the dopamine system downregulates the dopamine receptors, leaving the subject less interested in other activities.
The repeated intake of high-impact foods or addictive drugs thus makes food consumption or drug taking more habitual and decreases the importance of stimuli calling for alternatives.
Repeated drug use erodes the function of brain networks necessary for self-regulation, thereby facilitating impulsive, inflexible and compulsive actions.
The dopamine motive system, which integrates reinforcement and motivation, is influenced by obesogenic foods and addictive drugs. In this Review, Volkow and colleagues highlight how these stimuli sensitize the subject's motivation towards them while desensitizing the subject's motivation towards alternative reinforcers.
Behaviours such as eating, copulating, defending oneself or taking addictive drugs begin with a motivation to initiate the behaviour. Both this motivational drive and the behaviours that follow are influenced by past and present experience with the reinforcing stimuli (such as drugs or energy-rich foods) that increase the likelihood and/or strength of the behavioural response (such as drug taking or overeating). At a cellular and circuit level, motivational drive is dependent on the concentration of extrasynaptic dopamine present in specific brain areas such as the striatum. Cues that predict a reinforcing stimulus also modulate extrasynaptic dopamine concentrations, energizing motivation. Repeated administration of the reinforcer (drugs, energy-rich foods) generates conditioned associations between the reinforcer and the predicting cues, which is accompanied by downregulated dopaminergic response to other incentives and downregulated capacity for top-down self-regulation, facilitating the emergence of impulsive and compulsive responses to food or drug cues. Thus, dopamine contributes to addiction and obesity through its differentiated roles in reinforcement, motivation and self-regulation, referred to here as the 'dopamine motive system', which, if compromised, can result in increased, habitual and inflexible responding. Thus, interventions to rebalance the dopamine motive system might have therapeutic potential for obesity and addiction.
Journal Article
The hole
\"A classic of Mexican literature in the twentieth century, The Hole is a dazzlingly devastating novella. Set in a Mexican prison in the late 1960s, The Hole follows three inmates as they plot to sneak in drugs under the noses of their ape-like guards. The inmates desperately need to secure their next fix, and hatch a plan that involves convincing one of their mothers to bring the drugs into the prison, inside her person. But everything about their plan is doomed from the beginning, doomed to end in violence ... Unfolding in a single paragraph, The Hole is a verbal torrent, a prison inside a prison, and an ominous parable about how deformed and wretched institutions create even more deformed and wretched individuals\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Drug Addiction Mechanisms in the Brain
Drug Addiction Mechanisms in the Brain explores the fascinating world of drug substances and their effects on the brain. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the ten major substances that contribute to drug addiction Information about each substance is presented in a specific chapter, shedding light on their biochemical mechanisms and physiological effects. From the stimulating effects of cocaine to the sedative properties of heroin, and the hallucinogenic experiences induced by LSD, the book takes the reader through the intricate pathways of addiction. Other substances covered in the book include alcohol, nicotine, MDMA, METH, morphine, ketamine, and fentanyl. Readers will gain an understanding about neurochemical alterations in the brain Anyone looking for interesting knowledge about the addictive nature of common drugs and their complex interplay with the brain will find this book informative. Readership Researchers, healthcare professionals, counsellors and general readers.
eBook
A scanner darkly
Bob Arctor is a junkie and a drug dealer, both using and selling the mind-altering Substance D. Fred is a law enforcement agent, tasked with bringing Bob down. It sounds like a standard case. The only problem is that Bob and Fred are the same person. Substance D doesn?t just alter the mind, it splits it in two, and neither side knows what the other is doing or that it even exists. Now, both sides are growing increasingly paranoid as Bob tries to evade Fred while Fred tries to evade his suspicious bosses. In this award-winning novel, friends can become enemies, good trips can turn terrifying, and cops and criminals are two sides of the same coin. Dick is at turns caustically funny and somberly contemplative, fashioning a novel that is as unnerving as it is enthralling.
Book
Substance Use in Older Adults
By 2050, 85.7 million people in the United States are projected to be 65 or older. Older adults are especially prone to the effects of substances, and a 2021 survey showed that 4 million older adults were dealing with a substance use disorder. As the country's population ages, clinicians will inevitably have to care for a greater number of older adults with substance use disorders, but the literature on the topic—and the evidence base for treatment—is limited.
In Substance Use in Older Adults, more than 20 contributors translate their real-world experience in geriatric psychiatry into an accessible, evidence-based guide to screening for and assessing substance use in older adults. Early chapters discuss not only etiology and epidemiology but also comorbidities and management and subsequent sections address the problematic use of specific substances, including
• Alcohol• Tobacco• Opioids• Sedatives• Stimulants• Cannabinoids
Readers will find guidance on safe prescribing practices for older patients, as well as an examination of the cultural and ethical issues that may arise when working with this patient population.
Rife with case examples that illustrate key points in clinical practice, Substance Use in Older Adults also features numerous tables that can be referenced time and again with information on comorbidities, screening frameworks, and interventions for specific substances; stigma-reducing language; the pharmacological implications of physiological changes in older adults; and more.
Clinicians from psychiatric professionals to primary care providers will benefit from exhaustive listings of additional resources. This guide also includes resources for patients, families, and caregivers that will help to strengthen the partnership between clinician and patient.
eBook