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Backgroud Through comprehensive phylogenetic and genetic distance analyses based on extensive sampling at both inter- and intra-specific levels, the efficacy of the two candidate molecular markers was assessed by investigating whether their inter-specific genetic divergences align with the taxonomically delineated species boundaries. The results indicated that complete plastomes exhibit superior performance for accurately identifying A. cochinchinensis (the botanical source of Asparagi Radix) and the nine congeneric adulterants, thus can serve as the optimal molecular markers for effective authentication of Asparagi Radix. The desirable discriminative power demonstrated by complete plastomes suggests that the PCR-free molecular authentication method developed in this study will not only contribute to the quality control of pharmaceutical products derived from Asparagi Radix but also facilitate the conservation efforts and rational exploitation of the nine Asparagus species commonly used as adulterants.

Backgroud Through comprehensive phylogenetic and genetic distance analyses based on extensive sampling at both inter- and intra-specific levels, the efficacy of the two candidate molecular markers was assessed by investigating whether their inter-specific genetic divergences align with the taxonomically delineated species boundaries. The results indicated that complete plastomes exhibit superior performance for accurately identifying A. cochinchinensis (the botanical source of Asparagi Radix) and the nine congeneric adulterants, thus can serve as the optimal molecular markers for effective authentication of Asparagi Radix. The desirable discriminative power demonstrated by complete plastomes suggests that the PCR-free molecular authentication method developed in this study will not only contribute to the quality control of pharmaceutical products derived from Asparagi Radix but also facilitate the conservation efforts and rational exploitation of the nine Asparagus species commonly used as adulterants.

Backgroud Through comprehensive phylogenetic and genetic distance analyses based on extensive sampling at both inter- and intra-specific levels, the efficacy of the two candidate molecular markers was assessed by investigating whether their inter-specific genetic divergences align with the taxonomically delineated species boundaries. The results indicated that complete plastomes exhibit superior performance for accurately identifying A. cochinchinensis (the botanical source of Asparagi Radix) and the nine congeneric adulterants, thus can serve as the optimal molecular markers for effective authentication of Asparagi Radix. The desirable discriminative power demonstrated by complete plastomes suggests that the PCR-free molecular authentication method developed in this study will not only contribute to the quality control of pharmaceutical products derived from Asparagi Radix but also facilitate the conservation efforts and rational exploitation of the nine Asparagus species commonly used as adulterants.

Backgroud Through comprehensive phylogenetic and genetic distance analyses based on extensive sampling at both inter- and intra-specific levels, the efficacy of the two candidate molecular markers was assessed by investigating whether their inter-specific genetic divergences align with the taxonomically delineated species boundaries. The results indicated that complete plastomes exhibit superior performance for accurately identifying A. cochinchinensis (the botanical source of Asparagi Radix) and the nine congeneric adulterants, thus can serve as the optimal molecular markers for effective authentication of Asparagi Radix. The desirable discriminative power demonstrated by complete plastomes suggests that the PCR-free molecular authentication method developed in this study will not only contribute to the quality control of pharmaceutical products derived from Asparagi Radix but also facilitate the conservation efforts and rational exploitation of the nine Asparagus species commonly used as adulterants.

The book highlights the current practices and future trends in structural characterization of impurities and degradants. It begins with an overview of mass spectrometry techniques as related to the analysis of impurities and degradants, followed by studies involving characterization of process related impurities (including potential genotoxic impurities), and excipient related impurities in formulated products.  Both general practitioners in pharmaceutical research and specialists in analytical chemistry field will benefit from this book that will detail step-by-step approaches and new strategies to solve challenging problems related to pharmaceutical research.

Xylazine, commonly known as 'Tranq,' is a veterinary tranquilizer that is increasingly found in the recreational opioid supply, complicating the user experience. Xylazine-adulterated fentanyl is associated with a withdrawal syndrome that may not respond to usual treatment, and the opioid overdose reversal agent naloxone does not reverse the effect of xylazine.1 While it remains unclear whether xylazine directly increases overdose deaths, its presence in the drug supply likely elevates overall harm and morbidity. Moreover, due to unintended contact, xylazine poses an often unaccounted for danger to people who use drugs, and there is limited understanding of risk perception among people subject to xylazine exposure. The existing research indicates variations in the extent that individuals desire to use or avoid substances that contain xylazine.2, 3 This study aimed to evaluate how people who use drugs perceive their susceptibility to and severity of exposure to xylazine, and to assess how these perceptions impact their engagement in harm reduction behaviors. We recruited people receiving treatment for substance use disorders at a community hospital. We used Spearman correlations to evaluate the associations between patient characteristics and perceptions of xylazine exposure are associated with harm reduction behaviors. The survey instrument was informed by the Health Belief Model. Over half of participants (26/49), estimated that at least some of the drugs that they use contain xylazine, and 73.5% believed that exposure to xylazine increased their risk of overdose. Approximately 65% of respondents reported never trying to obtain xylazine, and only 12.2% agreed or strongly agreed that they were more likely to use a batch of drugs if they knew it contained xylazine. Overall, engagement in harm reduction behaviors was limited, with 57.1%, reporting that they rarely or never carried naloxone when using drugs and 77.6% reported rarely or never testing their drugs before use. There was a positive association between the belief that xylazine increases the risk of overdose and engagement in harm reduction behaviors (Spearman Rho = 0.290, p = 0.043). Participants who identified xylazine in their drugs and modified their behavior as a result are significantly more likely to regularly practice overdose prevention behaviors. Xylazine is increasingly present in the drug supply, yet susceptibility to exposure does not appear to influence engagement in harm reduction behaviors. Limited use and knowledge of test strips, as well as other overdose prevention behaviors, highlights the need for targeted harm reduction education. Healthcare providers in all practice settings should be aware of the potential risks posed by xylazine exposure and prioritize evidence-based care, including harm reduction.

Background/Objectives : Reference materials are essential for ensuring the accuracy and traceability of measurements in the quality control of medicinal products. This study explores new principles for the preparation of impure materials of active pharmaceutical substances, focusing on 1-(3-benzoylphenyl)ethanone ketoprofen impurity A (European Pharmacopoeia ) as the reference material. Methods : The reference material was synthesised from commercially available acetanilide and benzoyl chloride. The obtained product was purified using preparative chromatography and characterised by infrared spectroscopy (IR), 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry. The structure was verified using primary research methods to confirm its identity as the target product. Results : The characterisation confirmed the structure and purity of 1-(3-benzoylphenyl)ethanone, achieving a purity of 99.86%, meeting regulatory documentation requirements. The synthesised product was demonstrated to be identical to the target compound and suitable for use as a reference material. Conclusions : The developed method provides a robust approach for the preparation and characterisation of 1-(3-benzoylphenyl)ethanone, enabling its use as a certified reference material in the quality control of medicinal products. This approach ensures compliance with regulatory standards and enhances the reliability of pharmaceutical quality assurance practices.