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"Drywall"
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Experimental study on the sound insulation performance of unilateral reinforced metal-faced sandwich panels
Grounded in conventional metal-faced sandwich panels, this paper carried out unilateral reinforcement design for them. The research demonstrates that, first, the sound performance of the unilateral reinforced sandwich panel is significantly better than that of the conventional sandwich panel. Second, when fiber cement boards and gypsum boards of the same thickness are selected for the reinforcement layer, the sound insulation performance of the fiber cement board - unilateral reinforced sandwich panel is better than that of the gypsum board - unilateral reinforced sandwich panel. Third, when rubber boards and gypsum boards are selected for the reinforcement layer, although the thickness of the rubber board is less than that of the gypsum board, and the surface density of the rubber board - unilateral reinforced sandwich panel is also less than that of the gypsum board - unilateral reinforced sandwich panel, the sound insulation amounts of the rubber board - unilateral reinforced sandwich panel and the gypsum board - unilateral reinforced sandwich panel are the same. This is because the rubber board has high elasticity, and the structure of the rubber board - unilateral reinforced sandwich panel is more conducive to improving the sound insulation and noise reduction performance.
Journal Article
Application of instrument indentation test for residual stress characterization of 5083 aluminium alloy
An abnormal cracking phenomenon occurred at the corner of a ventilation window on the 5083 aluminum alloy wallboard used in certain transportation equipment. The residual stresses of the wallboard were measured using an instrumented indentation test. Initially, stress loading was applied to the 5083 specimens using a residual stress loading device to verify the effectiveness of the instrument indentation test (IIT) for testing the residual stresses of 5083 aluminum alloy. Subsequently, IIT was conducted under static conditions at the serving site of the equipment, and the working stresses under dynamic conditions were detected using a strain monitor. The results indicate that the total tensile stress at the uncracked corner of the ventilation window has exceeded the 5083 yield strength, so excessive tensile stress is the main cause of the abnormal cracking of the wallboard.
Journal Article
Feasibility of utilizing recycled concrete aggregate blended with waste tire rubber and drywall waste as pavement subbase material
As a developing nation, Pakistan faces financial obstacles in road construction, which is essential for economic growth but costly. A sustainable approach to address environmental concerns involves using recycled materials in road construction. The construction industry has largely overlooked recycling despite the significant amount of debris generated during construction and demolition. Repurposing materials from building and demolition activities, such as rubber from tires and drywall waste, can serve as viable materials for subbase layers in roads. These recycled materials can improve road quality and performance while mitigating environmental and health risks associated with stockpiling and disposal. This research evaluates the physical and mechanical properties of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) combined with drywall waste (DW), waste tire rubber (WTR), and quarry dust (QD) for flexible pavement subbases. The study investigated the effect of adding 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% crumb rubber with 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% DW as a percentage of fine aggregate with QD in RCA. By subjecting RCA to a series of tests, their strength, durability, and stability are thoroughly assessed to determine the optimal ratios of WCR and DW. As a result of these evaluations, a notable improvement in compressive strength is observed. Cost analysis demonstrates the economic feasibility of using recycled materials in pavement subbase construction, offering a cost-effective, sustainable, and environmentally safe solution that reduces reliance on fresh aggregates (FA).
Journal Article
Midstream quality control in drywall production using a quantitative phase analysis of stucco
At the midstream of drywall production, gypsum raw material is calcinated to make stucco, which contains not only calcium sulfate hemihydrate (the desired constituent), but also gypsum (under-calcinated), soluble calcium sulfate (over-calcinated), and insoluble phases. Here, we propose a quantitative phase analysis that measures the amount of all calcium sulfate phases in the stucco mix. The phase content was calculated using calcination mass loss and hydration mass gain of original, semi-hydrated, and fully hydrated samples. The proposed uncomplicated sample preparation and conventional measurement routines make it an excellent on-site quality control measure in an industrial setting.
Journal Article
Effects of the cooling phase on the fire performance of encapsulated timber elements
Timber structures are vulnerable during the cooling phase of a fire, especially in compression, a factor not currently addressed by design methods based on standard fire exposure. This paper presents an experimental investigation on the thermal and mechanical performance of encapsulated cross-laminated timber (CLT) elements during and after standard fire heating. Data from two reduced-scale furnace tests on CLT specimens, encapsulated with either one or two layers of fire-rated plasterboard, were used to evaluate the reduction in compression and bending capacity. The effective cross-section and bending capacities were determined using the Reduced Cross-Section Method (RCSM) and an Advanced Calculation Method (ACM), both provided in the current and proposed versions of Eurocode 5. The most significant capacity reductions were predicted for the cooling phase when using the ACM, where the bending capacity dropped below 45% of the original capacity for both cases. In the RCSM, the capacity fell below 85% for both samples when using the current Eurocode 5 and below 67% for both samples when using the revised Eurocode 5. These results show the inadequacy of simplified methods based on standard fire exposure to predict the capacity of timber elements in the cooling phase of a fire.
Journal Article
Hyperspectral camera technology for detection of fungal growth on building materials
Hyperspectral cameras are becoming more widely and frequently used as a valuable tool within different industries, from plant inspections to garbage sorting and used in the food and medical industry. However, the building industry has yet to embrace this technology, even though there are many potential benefits for application e.g., in building investigations. With a hyperspectral camera, it is possible to achieve a better colour characteristic than with an ordinary camera, allowing minor variations in the reflected colour spectra to be identified. As the growth of different fungal species reflects different colours, the current study investigates, if a hyperspectral camera can be used for detection of fungal growth on building materials. A hyperspectral camera was used on a series of gypsum board samples, to test if fungal growth of three different species could be detected, and if fungal growth not yet visible to the human eye could be detected. The results showed that it was possible, with use of hyperspectral imaging, to detect fungal growth on the surface of the samples, and to distinguish between the three different fungal species. Also, it was possible to detect the early stages fungal growth before they were visible to the human eye.
Journal Article
Impact of Positioning Phase Change Materials on Thermal Performance of Buildings in Cold Climates
The building envelope, an essential component of any building, plays a critical role in meeting energy efficiency and thermal comfort requirements. Incorporating phase change materials (PCM) into the building envelope can offer an opportunity to minimize energy usage and enhance thermal comfort by offsetting daily temperature fluctuations. However, the optimal performance of PCM is contingent on the material’s placement and thickness within the building envelope. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of positioning and thickness of PCM on thermal comfort and heating loads in a lightweight timber building in Trondheim, Norway. Four scenarios were considered based on the positioning of the PCM layer in the exterior wall and roof. Using IDA ICE, parametric simulations were conducted for various PCM wallboard positions and thicknesses in the exterior wall and roof. In Nordic climates, adding PCM reduces the risk of annual overheating. The findings of this study showed that installing 75mm of PCM wallboard in the exterior wall’s inner layer reduced the annual heating load by 2.3%. Compared to the base case scenario, increasing PCM thickness reduced zonal maximum indoor air temperatures by up to 6.2°C. This study underscored the importance of carefully considering the placement and thickness of PCM in building envelopes for optimal performance.
Journal Article
Ordinary gypsum plasterboard and Knauf Torro gypsum plasterboard bullet-proofing
Bullet-proof walls are recently attractive also outside of specialized areas with the most threat of attack. Nevertheless, an average wall cannot protect us from an intentional or stray bullet. Therefore, five stands were made of gypsum wall panels, ordinary plasterboard, and Knauf bullet-proof plasterboard, fired with two different calibers of weapons. The results were documented through photography. The test results show the ballistic resistance of enhanced materials, not ordinary plasterboard. The obtained results are compared with the technical information. The aim was to test whether plasterboard, the most used material in construction, is comparable to bullet-proof structures. These results will be used to complement the standard LVS 1061 “Gypsum boards and board systems. Design and use rules”, as well as for individual use in protection against external bullet threats or to prevent ricochets.
Journal Article